1. The Crusades

2. Key Events of the Crusades
The Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Key Events of the Crusades
Pope Urban’s speech (pg. 382)
The capture of Jerusalem
Founding of Crusader states
Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli
Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (pg. 383)
Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders

3. “Dieu le voit!” – God wills it!
Key Events
Alexius Comnenus I (Byzantine Emperor) appealed to Pope Urban II for military aid
Post-2nd Crusade
Jerusalem captured by Muslims
Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (Muslim leader) 1188
Pope Urban’s Speech to mob of peasants
“Dieu le voit!” – God wills it!
4th Crusade
Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders
First Crusade Crusader states = Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli
The Great Schism
The Church splits over
excommunication

5. Effects of The Crusades
Weakened the power and influence of the Pope and nobles
Strengthened the power of the monarchs
Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East
Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
4th Crusade

6. Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China thus creating an empire and destroying cities and countryside.
Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire.
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire

7. Economic Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products. Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. New economic institutions developed.
Churches word reigns…start to break away from Church…start charging interest on money (beginning of banks)…becomes secular.
What are examples of letters of credit in our society? Credit cards, cash advance places, etc.
Those days they killed you if they didn’t pay you back. (banking families)

8. Economic Effects of the Crusades
Increased the demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods for trade in Middle Eastern markets (perfumes, oils, minerals, jewels, etc.)
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
The Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade
New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Churches word reigns…start to break away from Church…start charging interest on money (beginning of banks)…becomes secular.
What are examples of letters of credit in our society? Credit cards, cash advance places, etc.
Those days they killed you if they didn’t pay you back. (banking families)

9. Credit and Banking Merchant from Europe travels to Jerusalem to trade.
Carries a large purse of money (bullion)
What could happen?
Merchant from Europe travels to Jerusalem to trade
Banks issue a letter of credit to merchant who then exchanges once he arrives at destination.

10. Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages
Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West.
Church Scholars
Were among the very few who could read and write
Worked in monasteries
Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe
Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe
Who sits around and has the time to rewrite everything from greek & arabic to latin
Our schools are based off of the universities of England in the 1800’s. Girls didn’t go; compare to other cultures today; Japan, etc.; how appreciative and respectful some children are

11. The Black Death: 1347 – 1665
In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.
Impact of Black Death
Population declined (1/3 of Europe or Million People)
Resulted in scarcity of labor
Towns were freed from feudal obligations
Church influence declined
Trade was disrupted
Lord/vassals can’t protect people from the Black Death.
Relied on Church; Church had power; can’t save them either
Stealing, etc. disrupts trade

15. Bloodletting The Plague Doctor Herbs Amulets Vinegar Drink molten gold
Dressed like scarecrows; filled beak w/ Bergamot oil (like Vics Sav); couldn’t breath in
Physicians wore it at their waist; filled with dried toads, blood, and other herbs
Vinegar; people drank it, washed themselves with it; sprinkled on victims
Herbs; used licorice, rose, lavender, bay leaves, mint (tea)
Drink molten gold