1. MBF 2263 Portfolio Management & Security Analysis
Lecture 8
Fundamental Analysis & Security Selection

2. INTRODUCTION
Before we look into any investment process, we must first examine the economic environment, then the industrial sector we want to invest, and finally the company of which the stock we want to invest into. the sequence of looking at the economy first, then industrial sector and finally company is known as top-down approach.

3. Fundamental analysis

4. In a snapshot, we can see that a company operates inside an industry, and the industry operates in an economy. Hence, if the economy is in its upswing in business cycle, then there is likelihood that company will have growth in sales volume, translating into higher profit figure. Hence, it is important for any investor to monitor the macroeconomic environment.

5. Key Economic Variables and Economic Indicators
One of the important macroeconomic variables is growth domestic product (GDP). Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of output produced within the domestic boundaries of the Malaysia over a given time period. An important point is that our GDP includes the output of foreign owned businesses that are located in Malaysia following foreign direct investment in the Malaysian economy.

6. Another key economic variable is consumer price index (CPI)
Another key economic variable is consumer price index (CPI). The Consumer price index (CPI) is a weighted price index which measures the monthly change in the prices of goods and services. The spending patterns on which the index is weighted are revised each year, mainly using information from the Family
Expenditure Survey.

7. The expenditure of some of the higher income households, and of pensioner households mainly dependent on state pensions, is excluded. As spending patterns change over time, the weightings used in calculating the CPI are altered.

8. From the concept of CPI, we can measure the inflation
From the concept of CPI, we can measure the inflation. The definition of inflation is as follows: „⁄.Inflation is best defined as a sustained increase in the general price level leading to a fall in the value of money⁄‰ Inflation is a key
variable for macroeconomics management of the Central Bank. By looking at the inflation rate, Central Bank will decide whether to increase or decrease the overnight policy rate (OPR) that will alter the level of economic activities.

9. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
Industry analysis is the study of industry groupings, which is conducted by examining the competitive position of a particular industry in relation to others, and by identifying firms within an industry that hold particular promise. For instance, during the period of the „hi-tech bubble from the early part of 1999 to mid-2000, hi-tech industry stocks were considered the best investments, and yielded very high returns. However, after the „hi-tech bubble‰ burst in mid-2000, hi-tech industry stocks were considered to be the worst investments.

10. Generally speaking, investors can obtain valuable insights about an industry by looking for the answers to the following questions:
(a) What economic factors are particularly essential to the industry? Is demand for the industry’s goods and services related to key economic variables and, if so, what are the prospects for these variables? How important is foreign competition to the health of the industry?

11. (b) How important are technological advancements
(b) How important are technological advancements? Are there any taking place, and what is the likely impact of a potential breakthrough?
(c) What is the nature of the industry? Is it characterised by monopolistic competition or are there many competitors in the industry?

12. (d) What are the important financial and operating considerations
(d) What are the important financial and operating considerations? Is there an adequate supply of labour, capital, and raw materials? And what are the capital spending plans and the needs of the industry?
(e) What are the government’s policies towards the industry? To what extent is the industry regulated? Is it regulated like public utilities are and, if so, how friendly are the regulating bodies?

13. COMPANY ANALYSIS
Company analysis is mainly concerned with a firm’s financial position and potential earning power. Many empirical studies have shown that a company’s share price is highly related to the changes in that company’s financial position and earnings. To understand what financial statements have to say about a company’s financial condition and operating results, it is often necessary to turn to financial ratios. Financial ratio analysis is the study of the relationships among and between various financial statement accounts. Each measure relates to one item on the balance sheet or income statement.

14. VALUATION OF COMMON STOCKS USING DIVIDEND DISCOUNT MODELS
In this form of valuation process, the intrinsic value of any investment is equal to the present value of the expected cash flow benefits. In the case of common stock, this converts to the cash dividends each year, plus the future sale price of the stock. Another way to view the cash flow benefits from common stock is to assume that the dividends will be received over an infinite time horizon – an assumption that is appropriate so long as the firm is considered a “going concern”.

15. The basic idea is that the value of common stock is simply the discounted value of all the cash flows associated with the common stock. In general, the following formula seems reasonable for making this calculation:
Vo=ΣDt /(1 + k)t

16. where:
V0 is the value of a common stock at time t=0
Dt is the estimated dividend to be paid by the common stock at time t
k is the “appropriate” disscount rate; k is also known as the required rate of return from the CAPM.

17. The Zero Growth Model
In this case, dividends are assumed to remain unchanged forever. Thus, the cash flows paid by the common stock constitute a perpetuity, and we have the following formula:
V0 = D1 / k

18. The Constant Growth Model
The constant growth model assumes that dividends grow at a fixed rate, which is
denoted by g, forever. In this case, the formula for the value of a common stock is
the following:
V0 = D1 /(k – g) and k > g