1. 11. Development of Asia
Standard: investigate political and social changes in Japan and in China from the seventeenth century CE to mid-nineteenth century CE.
Essential Question: What were the political and social changes in Japan and in China?

2. China
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Japan

3. Asian Policies
Element: Describe the policies of the Tokugawa and Qing rules; include how Oda Nobunaga laid the ground work for the subsequent Tokugawa rulers and how Kangxi came to rule for such a long period in China.
Vocabulary: Tokugawa, Qing rules, Oda Nobunaga, Kangxi

4. How did exploration impact Asia?
During this age of exploration, Asian and European exploration brought changes to China and Japan.
European explorers brought Christianity to this part of the world and also contributed to economic changes in China and Japan

5. Qing Dynasty Manchurian rulers overthrew Ming Dynasty
resisted by the Chinese
Rebels seized Taiwan

7. Qing Dynasty Impact of Resistance:
ordered all Chinese men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles to easily identify rebels
shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue
penalty for refusal was death

8. Acceptance of Manchurian Rule
the Qing dynasty flourished
A series of strong emperors corrected social and economic ills
restored peace and prosperity
maintained the Ming political system

9. Acceptance of Manchurian Rule
Able to move past rulers being different from subjects:
(1) preserved their own identities by having a different legal status, maintaining large landholdings, and forming separate Manchu military units called banners
(2) brought Chinese into the top ranks of the imperial administration, so they showed a welcome willingness to share power

10. Kangxi Qing’s greatest emperor ruled from 1661 to 1722
highly disciplined and diligent

11. Kangxi Policies: calmed the unrest along the frontiers
won the support of scholars by supporting the arts and letters
tolerant of Christians
sold trade privileges to Europeans
limited contact between foreigners by confining trade to a small island that was opened up for certain months of the year

12. Kangxi Ruled for 61 years Maintained peace Allowed for prosperity
Believed in the labor of the Chinese

13. State of Japan in chaos at the end of the fifteenth century
Shogunate, the military leader, had collapsed
Daimyo, the heads of noble families, controlled their own lands
warred with each other

14. Tokugawa Japan Oda Nobunaga: Daimyo seized the capital of Kyoto
placed the shogun under his control

15. Tokugawa Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi: succeeded Oda Nobunaga
moved the capital to Osaka
persuaded most of the daimyo to accept his authority by 1590

16. Tokugawa Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu: the powerful daimyo of Edo (Tokyo)
succeeded Hideeyoshi in 1598
took the title of shogun in 1603
completed the unification of Japan

17. Europeans in Japan Impact of Interaction: Portuguese arrived in 1543
regularly taking part in the regional trade among Japan, China, and Southeast Asia
initially welcomed
Goods like tobacco, clocks, and eyeglasses attracted the Japanese
rulers were interested in European weapons

19. Europeans in Japan
first Jesuit missionary, Francis Xavier, arrived in 1549
within 50 years thousands of Japanese had converted to Christianity

20. Europeans in Japan Expelling the Christians:
Jesuit’s practiced destroying shrines which caused a reaction
Hideyoshi prohibited Christian activities in his lands
Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled the missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians
European merchants were then expelled

22. Europeans in Japan Dutch presence:
a small Dutch presence in Nagasaki was permitted
Dutch ships could dock there only once a year
could remain for only two or three months

24. Tokugawa Rule Alternate Attendance Policy:
the shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage system
daimyo had to maintain two residences
one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the shogun lived
if the daimyo was absent from Edo, his family had to stay there
because Daimyo had to maintain two properties, they did not have the resources nor time to rebel against the Shogun

25. Tokugawa Rule
Impact:
remained in power at Edo, their capital, until 1868
controlled the feudal system
Japan divided into about 250 territories called hans, or domains
a daimyo ruled each hans
many samurai who had served the daimyo ceased being warriors and managed the lands of the daimyo
brought a long period of peace known as the “Great Peace”

27. Impact of Population Growth
Element: Analyze the impact of population growth and its impact on the social structure of Japan and China.

29. China’s Population Growth
Reason For:
population grew from 80 to 300 million between 1390 and the end of the 1700s
more than doubled during the Qing rule
a long period of peace and stability was one reason
a faster-growing species of rice increased the food supply

30. China’s Population Growth
Impact:
less land for each family
all available farmland was under production
shortages led to unrest
manufacturing and trade increased during this period
did not develop commercial capitalism
merchants were not as independent in China
Government controlled trade and manufacturing and levied high taxes on it

32. Social Structure Confucianism:
the Confucian emphasis on family remained strong and contributed to the stability of Chinese society
the family met its members’ needs, and the members were expected to sacrifice their individual desires for the good of the entire family

33. Social Structure Ideal Family in Qing China:
the ideal family in Qing China was the extended family of as many as four generations
sons brought their wives to live in the home
unmarried daughters remained in the home
the elderly were highly respected and cared for

34. Social Structure The Clan:
the clan of up to hundreds of related families was also important
a clan council, religious and social activities linked the families
wealthier families helped poorer families within the clan

35. Japan’s Population Growth
Economic Changes:
trade and manufacturing began to flourish
breaking down the Confucian view
by 1750 Edo was one of the world’s largest cities, with a population of almost one million
a merchant class emerged
banking and a paper money system developed
some peasant families benefited from this change by exploiting the growing need for cash crops
most peasants experienced declining profits and rising costs and taxes and had to become tenant farmers

37. Japan’s Population Growth
Social Structure:
rulers established strict distinctions among the four main classes: warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants
intermarriage of classes was forbidden
enacted strict laws to regulate the eta’s places of residence, dress, and hairstyles

39. Japan’s Population Growth
Social Hierarchy:
the emperor and court were at the top
next came the warrior class, composed of the shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin, in order of decreasing importance. Daimyo served the shogun and samurai served the daimyo. Ronin were warriors without masters who traveled around in search of work
next down were farmers, who had a privileged position but were often poor
Artisans such as carpenters and sword makers came next
the lowest class was the merchants because they profited from the labor of others
at the very bottom were Japan’s outcasts, the eta

41. Role of Women became more restricted
Males had broad authority over property, divorce, and marriage
the wife moved in with the husband’s family
if she did not meet their expectations, the husband often divorced her
both sexes worked in the fields