1. SEMINAR ON : energy flow in the ecosystem
Deepa das
Roll no: 39
UNIVERSITY AND BT EVENING COLEGE.

2. CONCEPT ON ECOSYSTEM
Any unit that includes all the organisms in a given area
(1) biotic
(2) abiotic
Both interacting with the physical envirnment so that flow of energy leads to clearly defined biotic structures and cycling of materials between living and nonliving components is an ecological system.

3. ECOSYSTEM MODEL

4. COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
Consists of basically two components biotic and abiotic as listed below :   
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight
Primary producers
Temperature
Herbivores
Precipitation
Carnivores
Water or moisture
Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+)
Detritivores
etc.
All of these vary over space/time

5. PROCESSES OF ECOSYSTEM

6. ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES OCCURS IN THREE STEPS

7. WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy is the ability to do work. Life manifests itself in energy changes, subject to the laws of thermodynamics.
Ecosystems exist and operate by virtue of a flow of energy through the components of the system and thermodynamics (the movement of energy) forms the very basis of the biosphere organizing principles
Although several sources of energy are available for exploitation on earth (e.g., geothermal, nuclear decay), the most significant is solar energy.
solar constant
The Solar Constant is the average amount of radiant energy from the sun that reaches the Earth's atmosphere.

8. ENERGY FLOW THROUGH THE ECOSYSTEM

9. FLOW OF ENERGY
The flow of energy and inorganic nutrients through the ecosystem, a few generalizations can be made:
The ultimate source of energy (for most ecosystems) is the sun.
The ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems is for it to be lost as heat
Energy and nutrients are passed from organism to organism through the food chain as one organism eats another.
Decomposers remove the last energy from the remains of organisms.
Inorganic nutrients are cycled, energy is not.

10. ENERGY FLOW & NUTRIENT CYCLING THROUGH FOOD CHAIN

11. UNIVERSAL ENRGY FLOW MODEL

12. 10 % LAW OF ENERGY FLOW
On an average only 10 percent of energy is passed on from one tropic level to another.
Processes that reduce the energy transferred from one tropic level to the next includes-
1.Respiration
2.growth & reproduction
3.defeacation,etc
The rest is released to the envirnment as heat

13. GRAPH SHOWING THE DECREASE OF ENERGY AS WE GO FROM PRODUCERS TO CARNIVORES

14. ENERGY CAPTURED BY GREEN PLANTS

15. HOW THE PROCESS OF ENERGY FLOW OCCURS-
Energy flow in the ecosystem is unidirectional ,and sun is the main source of energy.
Producers make food with the help of photosyenthesis from inorganic
materieals
The herbivores feed on plants .
The unusable food energy pases on to the decomposers
Primary carnivore feed on the herbivore which is again feeded
by secondary carnivore and so on.

16. Amount as energy flows from producers to the consumers
The energy transfer from one tropic level to the another decreases in the
Amount as energy flows from producers to the consumers
For ex. Grass ( producer has 1000kcal)
grass eaten by mice(100kcal)
mice or rat eaten by ferrets(10kcal)
ferrets eaten by owl(1kcal)

17. CONCLUTION , Flow of energy is unidirectional.
Energy flow is the amount of energy that moves through a food chain. The energy input, or energy that enters the ecosystem, is measured in Joules or calories.
energy flow, quantify the importance of different species and feeding relationships.
The largest source of energy for an ecosystem is the sun. Energy that is not used in an ecosystem is eventually lost as heat.
Energy and nutrients are passed around through the food chain, when one organism eats another organism .
Any energy remaining in a dead organism is consumed by decomposers. Nutrients can be cycled through an ecosystem but energy is simply lost over time.
The top consumer of a food chain will be the organism that receives the least amount of energy. ,

18. THANK YOU