1. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides against weeds
in Soybean (Glycine max L.)
Sadegh Mohajer*, Rosna Mat Taha, Elnaiem Elaagib and Ali Talati
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
AGRICULTURE CONGRESS 2012
University Putra Malaysia
4-6 Sep 2012
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
ABSTRACT
In order to study advantages and disadvantages of herbicides on soya bean harvesting, 13 different concentrations of pre and post emergent herbicides in addition, hand weeding were assessed in comparison with control (without any operation) under complete block design with four replications, in Lavasanat, Iran, during The data were collected for increase percentage of the seed yield, 1000-grain weight, biomass and reduction percentage of the plant height, weed control efficiency and plant number (per m2).
RESULTS
The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) in different parameters are shown in Table 1. The data of decrease percentages of plant height in comparison with control treatment as influenced by herbicide treatments showed significant differences among the treatments (p<0.01).
Sonalan had the most increscent with 21.9% in comparison with control treatment, but there was not significant different between Sonalan and hand weeding. Except sonalan, hand weeding was more effective to increase 1000-grain weight in comparison with other herbicides (Table 2).
Among the herbicide treatments, application with Storm (1.06 kg a.i ha-1) had recorded significant increase with 233.1% more than control plot, followed by Sencor with 163.8% when it compared with control (Table 2).
After hand weeding, goal (0.48 kg a.i ha-1) post-emergence also decreased the percentage of the velvetleaf and dayflower (84.7% and 86.9%, respectively). Stomp (0.66 kg a.i ha-1) in velvetleaf and stomp (0.66 kg a.i ha-1) also had suitable effective role. Sencor swooped percentage of the ivy with 54.6% in comparison with control. Storm (1.06 kg a.i ha-1) had the best results after hand weeding than other herbicides with 49% in nut grass. Totally, treatment of the goal (0.48 kg a.i ha-1) decreased average of the different weeds more than other herbicides with 64.4% and followed by Sencor with 40.6% (Table 3).
INTRODUCTION
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) owing to its high potential content plays an important role in boosting oilseed production in the country. It has outstanding nutritive value with 43 percent biological protein, 20 per cent oil and it also is very rich in vitamins, iron, mineral, salts and essential amino acids. Soyflour is extensively used in the manufacture of insecticides, disinfectants, and also in enrichment of media used for testing antibiotics. So, it is considered as a miracle crop of the present century. The soybean protein is rich in lysine and oil extracted is edible with fairly high unsaturated fatty acids (Endres, 2001). Soybean has estrogen-like activity that may promote the growth of estrogen-sensitive cancers (breast and prostate), especially for those people who already have cancer (Newbold, 2001; Cassileth and Vickers, 2003) In laboratory studies, isoflavone from soybean can inhibit the growth of breast cancer and prostate cancer tissues (Adlercreutz, 2002).
Table 1. ANOVA of traits at different concentration of herbicides
S.O.V df PH GW PN SY PB
WCE
Treatment 13
154.2**
162.1**
258.4** **
5214.2**
10.5**
Block 3
35.1
11.5
48.3
502.1
432.5
1.2
Error 39
23.4
42.5
21.6
2012.3
856.2
2.9
%CV
33.5
32.7
30.4
29.4
27.7
45.09
SY: Seed Yield; GW: 1000-Grain Weight; PB: Plant Biomass; PH: Plant Height, PN: Plant number
WCE: Weed control efficiency
Table 2. Means comparison of herbicides and hand weeding effective
Reduction Percentage
Decrease Percentage PB SY GW PN PH
(kg ai ha-1)Treat
76.2bc
62.8def 0e
17.08a
1.8c
Treflan (1.2)
60.8bcd
59.3def
21.9a
17.7a
10.2b
Sonalan (1.16) 0f
163.8ab
20.2a
2.1c
Sencor (0.35)
8.2ef
66.8ef
4.2cde
1.02c
7.5bc
Goal (0.36)
8.5ef
121.2b-e
4.8cde
23.2a
19.8a
Goal (0.48)
28.6def
56.2ef
9.8d-e
0.4c
8.1bc
Stomp (0.66)
64.06bcd
3.8f
13.2a-d
0.5c
13.9ab
Stomp (0.82)
96.7ab
60.5def
10.5b-e
1.6c
14.6ab
45.1d-f
134.5bcd
9.2b-e
15.8ab
51.6b-e
23.4f
5.4cde
13.4ab
Basagran (0.96)
60.1bcd
62.4def
13.5a-d
4.5bc
7.9bc
Basagran (1.2)
74.7bcd
47.5ef
3.6de
4.0bc
1.4c
Storm (0.85 )
127.2a
233.1a
14.3abc
10.1b
Storm (1.06)
77.5bc
139.02bc
17.8ab 0c
Hand weeding
METHODS & MATERIALS
Different treatments were consisted of, a) Pre-planting soil incorporation: herbicides were sprayed and mixed with soil one day before sowing, uniformly with the help of knapsack sprayer. T1: Trifluralin (Treflan) 1.2 kg a.i ha-1; T2: Ethalfluralin (Sonalan) 1.16 kg a.i ha-1 b) Pre-emergence: herbicides were sprayed one day before seed germination. T3: Metribuzin (Sencor) 0.35 kg a.i ha-1; T4: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.36 kg a.i ha-1; T5: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.48 kg a.i ha-1; T6: Pendimethalin (Stomp) 0.66 kg a.i ha-1; T7: Pendimethalin (Stomp) 0.82 kg a.i ha-1. c) Post-emergenc: herbicides were sprayed one day after seed germination. T8: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.36 kg a.i ha-1; T9: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.48 kg a.i ha-1; T10: Bentazon (Basagran) 0.96 kg a.i ha-1; T11: Bentazon (Basagran) 1.2 kg a.i ha-1; T12: Oxyfluorfen+ Bentazon (Storm) 0.85 kg a.i ha-1; T13: Oxyfluorfen+ Bentazon (Storm) 1.06 kg a.i ha-1; T14: Hand weeding; T15: Control.
Plant height (cm): Plant heights were recorded from the ground level to the growing tip of the main shoot. Measurements were taken from five tagged plants in each treatment and the average height was calculated and expressed in centimetres.
Seed yield per hectare (kg ha-1): The seeds were separated manually by gently beating the dried plants with a wooden stick. The seeds were cleaned and dried in the shade, the seed yield was recorded for each treatment and then seed yield per hectare was computed and expressed as kg ha-1.
Table 3. Means comparison of herbicides and hand weeding to control weeds
Mean
Spurge
Velvetleaf
Dayflower
Ivy
Nut grass
(kg ai ha-1)Treat
21.1c
37.1b
17.3de
25.9cd
3.2c
22.7b
Treflan (1.2)
24.2c
51.2ab
11.4de
20.6cd 0c
38.4b
Sonalan (1.16)
40.6c
54.1ab
43.4b-e
50.9bcd
54.6b
Sencor (0.35)
22.2c
28.1b
18.4bcd
25.6cd
36.2bc
Goal (0.36)
64.4b
100a
84.7ab
86.5ab
24.3bc
26.8b
Goal (0.48)
39.1c
66.5ab
33.2cde
68.7abc
24.5bc
1.6c
Stomp (0.66)
36.6c
42.7b
43.4bcd
57.2bcd
19.8bc
20.7b
Stomp (0.82)
22.8c
18.5b
8.9e
30.5cd
28.5bc
24.4b
25.6c
12.3b
27.2cde
18.4cd
24.6bc
50.2ab
39.2c
51.3ab
31.2cde
53.4bcd
29.5bc
22.6b
Basagran (0.96)
63.1ab
54.1bcd
12.1d
22.8bc
40.2ab
Basagran (1.2)
21.3c
14.2b
38.9b-e
22.8cd
6.2c
28.3b
Storm (0.85 )
35.4c
45.6b
60.1bc
18.8cd
11.5bc
48.6ab
Storm (1.06)
100
Hand weeding