1. Procedures based on principles of Respondent Conditioning.
Operant & Respondent conditioning together

2. OPERANT CONDITIONING B.F. Skinner (1938)
Voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to bring about some consequence or change
Behavior is modified by its consequences (Reinforcement)

3. Respondent Conditioning
Classical conditioning
Also called
Pavlov 1905 (Nobel prize medicine)
Involuntary behavior by antecedent stimulation
Unconditioned Reflexes
US--- UR ( puff of air to eye- Blink)
Neutral stimulus (Larry approaching + “Hi”)
Conditioned stimulus (“Hi”+ Puff of air - Blink
after several pairings this results in:
“hi” - Blink
Elicited

4. Respondent Conditioning
If a neutral stimulus (“larry + “Hi!”) is followed closely in time by a US (puff of air) which elicits a UR (blink) then the previously neutral stimulus will also tend to elicit the UR ( now a conditioned response CR)
Conditioned Reflex the stimulus-response relationship between a neutral stimulus(NS) and a US that establishes
the NS as a CS eliciting a CR

5. UNCONDITIONED REFLEXES
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned response
Food
Salivation
High Temp
Sudden loud noise
Sweat, flush. Blanch. Pounding heart
Nose irritation
Allergens
Sneeze
Asthma attack (constriction)
Tap to patellar
Light to eye
Knee jerk
Pupil constriction
Stroke cheek
Held + feet touch ground
Head turn
Stepping

6. Terminology In Respondent conditioning A US or a CS a response
Respondent behavior is reflexive and is elicited (involuntarily)
In Operant conditioning
An Sd a response
Operant behavior is Emitted (voluntarily
ELICITS
EVOKES

7. Factors influencing Respondent conditioning
1.The greater the the greater the ability of the CS to elicit the CR, until a maximum strength of the conditioned reflex is obtained
number of pairings of a US and a CS,

8. Factors influencing Respondent Conditioning
2. Stronger conditioning occurs if the
rather than a longer time or rather than following the US
CS precedes the US by .5 sec

9. Factors influencing Respondent Conditioning
3.   A Cs acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if the CS is paired with a given US than if it is only occasionally paired with the US
ALWAYS

10. Factors influencing Respondent Conditioning
4. When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that
with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS.
is most consistently associated

11. Factors influencing Respondent Conditioning
5. Respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when the CS or US or both are rather than weak.
intense

12. Respondent extinction
Presentation of the CS while withholding the US. After several presentations the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the CR

13. Counter conditioning new
Recall : Operant extinction works faster if there is an Alternative response being reinforced. A similar feature is true in respondent extinction.
A conditioned response may be eliminated more effectively if a
response is conditioned to the conditioned stimulus at the same time that the former conditioned response is being extinguished.
new

14. Counter conditioning
A CS will lose its ability to elicit a CR if that CS is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is
with the CR.
incompatible

15. Respondent & Operant Conditioning Compared
Type of Behavior
Voluntary, Emitted, usually
skeletal muscles
Reflexive, Elicited, Involuntary
Smooth muscles & Glands
SR+
Presentation of a +ve reinf.
following a response (removal of a –ve) = behavior increase
Pairing of a NS with a US
The NS Becomes a CS
CS elicits CR( same as UR)
Ext
Reinf. Is withheld following the previously reinforced response
= response decrease
CS presented without US
CS looses ability to elicit the CR
Spont. Rec
Rest period following extinction session in which behavior = 0
The behavior again occurs
Rest period following extinction session in which CS “0”
CS once again elicits the CR

16. Respondent & Operant components of Emotions
A) Reaction one has during the experience of an emotion (queasiness)
B) How one learns to express or disguise an emotion ( hand clasp)
C) How one becomes aware of and describes one’s emotions ( I’m nervous)
D) Causes of emotions

17. The respondent component of our emotions: Feelings
Autonomic nervous system: Heart beat, respiration,digestion, glandular function
Fear: heart rate, adrenaline, breathing, sweat, no blood to stomach, dry mouth,
(temporary bladder/bowel control loss).
Autonomic reactions to stimuli: blushing, trembling, crying

18. The respondent component of our emotions: Feelings
In infants
Fear: grasping, lip puckering, crying
Anger: crying, screaming, body stiffening
Joy: Smiling, gurgling cooing
Watson & Rayner (1920) Little Albert
Several formerly neutral stimuli come to elicit fear after pairing with a loud noise

19. The operant component of our emotions: Actions
An emotion causing event causes immediate physiological reactions
What we then DO depends on our operant learning experiences
Person to person
Shout & swear or walk away?
Cultural
“booing” or whistling?

20. The operant component of our emotions: Awareness
We are taught to label our emotions
By 9 yrs. Most can recognize a range of expressions in themselves and others
The problem of the outside observer:
Running and yelling from anger
Running and yelling in play

21. Some Causes of Emotions
Presentation of reinforcers-happiness
“A”; paycheck, funny movie
Withholding of reinforcers- anger
Vending machine, out of ink,
Presentation of aversives – anxiety
Approaching car, dark alley encounter
Withdrawal of aversives – relief
The doctor said “Maalox”!!(not cancer)

22. Applications of respondent conditioning principles
Aversion Therapy
Undesirable reinforcer paired with aversive stimulation to make object aversive and not reinforcing
Chronic constipation
Electrical stimulation paired with laxative and time of day to acquire appropriate bowel control
Nocturnal Enuresis
Urine triggered Bell awakening paired with full bladder feeling resulting in self-awakening

23. Cautionary note DON”T DO THIS AT HOME!!!! Requires:
A) more information
B) expertise