1. Phylum Porifera

2. General Characteristics
Simplest multi-cellular animals
No organs or true tissues/ No nervous system
Asymmetrical or Radial symmetry
Sessile animals
Filter-feeders
Body openings: Many tiny incurrent pores and one large out current pore
Can be brightly colored to blend into the coral reef
Introduction to Sponges

3. 15,000 Species Where do Sponges live? Most live in Marine Environments
Few live in Brackish Water
About 150 species live in freshwater
Most live in Marine Environments
Freshwater sponge (Spongilla)
Xestospongia muta (Giant Barrel Sponge)

4. Where do Sponges live?
Commensals: organism lives on or in another with benefit to the organism, no harm to the host.
Examples:
crabs, mites, Bryozoans, and fishes live as commensals on sponges.
Sponges grow on other animals like molluscs, barnacles, brachiopods, and corals.
Some crabs attach sponges to their shells as camoflauge.
Stenorhynchus seticornis (Decorator Crab)

5. Vary in size (2mm- 2m in diameter)
What Do they look like?
Vary in size (2mm- 2m in diameter)
Some are brightly colored due to pigments in their dermal cells.
Asymmetrical or Radial Symmetry
A sponge the size of a minivan, the largest on record, was found in summer 2015 during a deep-sea expedition in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument off Hawaii.

6. What Do they look like? Growth patterns depends on:
Shape of what it’s growing on
Direction and speed of water currents
Calm Water= taller and straighter than rapid moving water
Availability of Space
*Sponges of same species may look different based on environmental conditions*

7. Framework can be Fibrous or Rigid
Sponge Structure
Framework can be Fibrous or Rigid
Spicules: support structures can be calcareous (composed of calcium carbonate) or siliceous (composed of silicon dioxide)
Spongin (collagenous material) forms a skeletal network

8. Sponge Structure Composed of 3 layers
Pinacoderm: Outer layer of flattened contractile cells (pinacocytes) with pores that allow water in
Mesohyl: non-living gelatinous matrix containing a variety of specialized cells
Collar cells (choanocytes) which capture food from water flowing through channels.

9. Sponge Structure: Type of Cells
1. Pinacocytes: make up pinacoderm
Closest thing to true tissue in sponges
Thin and flat
May take up food particles by phagocytosis
Some are Myocytes and regulate water flow around pores and oscula

10. Sponge Structure: Type of Cells
2. Archaeocytes: ambeoid cells (can change shape and move) in the Mesohyl
Get food from Choanocytes
Phagocytize particles from pinacoderm
Differentiate into other cell types that:
Secrete Spicules, Secrete Spongin and Secrete Collagen

11. Sponge Structure: Type of Cells
3. Choanocytes: flagellated collar cells used to move water
Used for Filter Feeding
Beating of flagella draws water past each cell bringing in food
Designed as an aquatic filter for removing particles in water

12. Structures for Filter Feeding
Dermal ostia
Water enters dermal ostia.
Choanocyte flagella flapping moves water through channels.
Food is collected by choanocyte collars.
Amobocytes digest food
Used water moves out into the spongocoel and out the osculum.

14. Asconoids
(1) This canal system is known as the simplest. (2) Choanocytes line the internal spongocoel cavity. (6) In this type of canal system water is expelled through one single large osculum. (9) This type of canal system is only found in class Calcarea. (10) In this type of canal system the least amount of food is able to be filtered out because the spongocoel is large and not all the water can pass by the choanocytes to be filtered.

15. Syconoids
(4) The lining of this sponge is folded outward to form choanocyte lined canals that water passes through. (8) In this type of canal system choanocytes line radial canals in order to filter feed. (12) In this type of canal system the sponge has a tubular shape and a single osculum, but the body wall of spongocoel is thicker and more complex. (13) Type of canal system is found in class Calcarea and Hexactinellida. (6) In this type of canal system water is expelled through one single large osculum.

16. Leuconoids
(3) This canal system is the most complex (5) This type of canal system usually includes many oscula that have small openings. This causes the water to be expelled away from the sponge at a high velocity. (7) Most sponges contain this type of canal system. (11) In this type of canal system the most amount of food is captured due to the slow flow of water and close proximity to choanocytes.

17. Reproduction
What form of reproduction occurs when a sponges can repair injuries or restore lost parts? ASEXUAL: REGENERATION

18. Describe how a sponge can reproduce using external buds.
Reproduction
Describe how a sponge can reproduce using external buds.
External buds reach a certain size, become detached from the parent and form a new sponge.

19. Reproduction
What are gemmules?
Archaeocytes that have collected in the Mesohyl are surrounded by tough spongin. When the parent sponge dies, gemmules remain dormant and escape through micropyles to develop new sponges.

20. Reproduction
Why do you think some sponges reproduce asexually through gemmules rather than external buds?
Sponges that live in hostile environments might reproduce via gemmules. This especially is true for sponges that live in areas of freezing temperatures or drought. (an adaptation for survival)

21. Reproduction
What is it called when an organism has both male and female sex cells? Monoecious

22. Describe sexual reproduction that is viviparous.
Internal Fertilization: Sperm is released and then captured in the canals system of another. Choanocytes carry the sperm to the egg cells in the Mesohyl.

23. Describe sexual reproduction that is viviparous.

24. Describe sexual reproduction that is viviparous.
External Fertilization: Sperm and eggs cells are both released and combine outside the sponge.

25. Sponge Classifications
Class Calcarea
Class Hexactinellida
Class Demospongiae

26. Sponge Classification
What information is used to put sponges into the different classifications? Spicules: composition and design

27. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge contains most of all living sponge species? (~95%) Class Demospongiae

28. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge contains nearly all the deep sea sponge species? Class Hexactinellida

29. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge tend be very small (10cm or less in height)? Class Calcarea

30. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge has spicules that made of calcium carbonate, and are typically straight with 3 or 4 rays? Class Calcarea

31. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge contains only sponge species with a Leuconoid canal type? Class Demospongiae

32. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge has siliceous spicules which are bound together by spongin (but sometimes has no spicules at all!)?
Class Demospongiae

33. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge can be Asconoid, Syconoid, or Leuconoid in canal structure?
Class Calcarea

34. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge has a skeleton of siliceous spicules with 6 rays?
Class Hexactinellida

35. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge can live in both fresh water or salt water?
Class Demospongiae

36. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge grow to between 7.5cm to 1.3m in length?
Class Hexactinellida

37. Sponge Classification
Which class of sponge are tubular, vase, or balloon shaped?
Class Calcarea

38. Sponge Phylogeny
Describe how one species of sponge living in deep in the ocean has adapted to a new method of eating. Watch the Video

39. videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJeyOU4eSKw carnivorous sponge
sponges BBC