1. KEY CONCEPT The vascular system allows for the transport of water, minerals, and sugars.

2. Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
Xylem contains specialized cells.
vessel elements are short and wide
tracheid cells are long and narrow
xylem cells die at maturity
vessel
element
tracheid

3. The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement.
Plants passively transport water through the xylem.
Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other.
Adhesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.

4. Water travels from roots to the top of trees.
absorption occurs at roots
cohesion and adhesion in xylem
transpiration at leaves

5. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through leaves.
water vapor exits leaf stomata
helps pull water to the top branches

6. Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Phloem contains specialized cells.
sieve tube elements have holes at ends
companion cells help sieve tube elements
unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive

7. The Pressure-flow model explains sugar movement.
plants actively transport sugar from the source
sugar flows to the sink due to pressure differences
sugars
phloem
xylem
water
Water moves from the xylem into the phloem by osmosis, due to the higher concentration of the sugars in the phloem. The water flow helps move sugars through the phloem. 2
Sugars move from their source, such as photosynthesizing leaves, into the phloem. 1
The sugars move into the sink, such as root or fruit, where the are stored. 3

8. Water moves through the plant’s roots in the xylem that
Acts like tiny pumps
Carry sugar to the roots
Have matured and died
Have no cell walls

9. The cohesion-tension theory proposes that water rises through plants because of
Metabolic energy expended by plants
The physical properties of water
Pressure changes between sources and sinks
Transpiration from roots

10. Water vapor escapes from plants by the process of
Capillary action
Transpiration
Cohesion
Adhesion

11. Phloem tissue is made up mainly of
Xylem cells and stomata
Dead cells and sugar sinks
Vessel elements and tracheids
Sieve tube elements and companion cells

12. What does the pressure-flow model explain?
How pressure is kept the same throughout a plant
How water moves through a plant
How sugars are produced by photosynthesis
How sugars move through a plant