1. Bleeding Emergencies
Part 3 - Chapter 8

2. The Blood and Blood Vessels
Liquid and solid components
7% of the body’s total weight
Average adult has a blood volume of pints
Three major functions:
Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Protect against disease by producing antibodies
Maintain body temperature by circulating throughout

3. The Blood and Blood Vessels
The liquid part of the blood is called plasma
Half total blood volume
Contains nutrients essential for energy production
The solid components of blood include red and white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets
Essential for clotting

4. The Blood and Blood Vessels
Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
Vary in size; smallest (arterioles) carry blood to capillaries
Capillaries - microscopic blood vessels
Transfer oxygen and nutrients from blood into cells
Pick up waste products and move to venules
Veins - carry blood back to the heart
Carry waste for kidneys, intestines, and lungs where they are eliminated

5. Bleeding Emergencies
Hemorrhage - a large amount of bleeding occurring in a short amount of time
External Bleeding - bleeding coming from a wound
Internal Bleeding - bleeding inside the body that is often difficult to recognize

6. External Bleeding
External bleeding occurs when a blood vessel is opened externally, such as through a tear in the skin.
Arterial bleeding (bleeding from an artery) often rapid and severe
Highest risk to become life-threatening
Venous bleeding (bleeding from a vein) generally easier to control
Capillary bleeding is the most common type of bleeding
Usually slow

7. Care for External Bleeding
Direct pressure - most effective for external bleeding
Pressure placed on a wound restricts blood flow and allows clotting to occur

8. Minor External Bleeding
Use barrier between your hand and wound
Use gloves and place sterile dressing on wound
Apply direct pressure for a few minutes
Wash wound thoroughly with soap and water; gently dry with clean gauze
Cover wound with clean dressing and bandage
Wash your hands immediately after giving care, even if your wore gloves

9. Severe External Bleeding
Put on disposable gloves
If blood has potential to splatter, wear eye and face protection
Control external bleeding
Cover wound with dressing and press firmly against wound with gloved hand
Apply pressure bandage over dressing to maintain pressure and hold bandage in place
If blood soaks through bandage, do not remove. Add more pads and bandages to help absorb blood and continue to apply pressure

10. Severe External Bleeding
Continue to monitor person’s condition
Take steps to minimize shock
Have the person rest comfortably and reassure him or her
Wash your hands immediately after giving care, even if you wore gloves

11. Signals of Internal Bleeding
Tender, swollen, bruised areas of the body, such as the abdomen
Rapid breathing
Skin that feels cool or moist, or looks pale or bluish
Vomiting blood or coughing up blood
Excessive thirst
An injured extremity that is blue or extremely pale
Altered mental state such as confusion, fainting, drowsiness, or unconsciousness

12. Care for Internal Bleeding
Do no further harm
Monitor breathing and consciousness
Help the person rest comfortably
Keep the person from becoming chilled or overheated
Reassure the person
Give any specific care needed

13. Shock Emergencies
Part 3 - Chapter 9

14. Shock Emergencies
Shock: life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails to provide adequate oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
When vital organs do not receive sufficient oxygenated blood, the body initiates responses to protect those organs
Blood flow to the extremities decreases while flow to the vital organs increases

15. Causes of Shock Cardiogenic Shock Distributive Shock
Failure of the heart to pump enough blood
Heart may beat too rapidly, causing an ineffective pump
Ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation
Distributive Shock
Abnormal dilation of the blood vessels
Vessels are not filled completely with blood, causing less oxygen to be delivered to the rest of the body

16. Causes of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Severe bleeding
Insufficient blood volume can lead to shock
Other causes can include loss of fluids through vomiting, diarrhea, and burns

17. Signals of Shock Apprehension, anxiety Restlessness or irritability
Nausea or vomiting
Pale, ashen, greyish skin
Skin that is cool or moist
Rapid breathing
Excessive thirst

18. Care for Shock CHECK - CALL - CARE Maintain open airway
Control external bleeding
Immobilized any broken bones or damaged joints
If possible, have the person lie down flat; help them rest comfortably
Maintain normal body temperature
Do not give the person food or drink
Talk in a calm and reassuring manner to reduce stress
Continue to monitor condition