1. Effects of Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Wind Streams on the Earth’s Radiation Belts
D.N. Baker, S. Kanekal, X. Li, S. Elkington
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences
University of Colorado - Boulder

2. Adiabatic Invariants
Associated with each motion is a corresponding adiabatic invariant:
Gyro: M=p2/2m0B
Bounce: K
Drift: L
M: perpendicular motion
K: parallel motion
L: radial distance of eq-crossing in a dipole field
If the fields guiding the particle change slowly compared to the characteristic motion, the corresponding invariant is conserved.
LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

3. The Earth’s Radiation Belts
Contours of the omnidirectional flux (particles per square centimeter per second) of protons with energies greater than 10 MeV
Contours of the omnidirectional flux of electrons with energies greater than 0.5 MeV
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4. The South Atlantic Anomaly Region
TOPEX ( ) and TERRA-MODIS (2001)
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5. Solar Activity Cycle
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6. The Disturbed Solar Wind: Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
Occur most often near the peak of the Sun’s 11-year activity cycle
Propel >109 tons of matter into interplanetary space
Can travel at speeds exceeding 2000 km/s
Drive interplanetary shocks
Can trigger geomagnetic storms when they impact Earth’s magnetosphere
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7. Coronal Mass Ejection - Earth Impact
Courtesy of NASA
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8. Impulsive Injection Due to Shock Wave
[Li et al., 1993]
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9. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

10. Outer Belt Electrons: 1992-2002
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11. Mapping of the Radiation Belt
SAMPEX: 18 August 1993
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12. Dynamic Radiation Belts: 1993-1995
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13. Acceleration by Radial Transport
Nonrelativistically, and in a dipole, or
so transport in L while conserving M will
necessarily lead to change in energy, W.
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14. Transport in M, K: Local Heating
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15. Local Heating Example: Resonant Interactions with VLF Waves
Summers et al. (JGR 103, 20487, 1998) proposed that resonant interactions with VLF waves could heat particles:
Whistler mode chorus at dawn combined with EMIC interactions heat and isotropize particles
Leads to transport in M, K, and L
LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

16. MHD Simulations of ULF Power, 09/24/1998
ULF power in MHD shows expected radial, frequency dependence
Gumma
gmm
Azimuthal dependence: frequently see structure in local time
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17. Shear Waves and Particle Acceleration
Limited local time: propagating waves dusk and counterpropagating waves dawn still lead to energization
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18. MHD Simulation of a Strong Storm
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19. MHD/Particle Simulations of Energetic Electron Trapping
60 keV test electrons, constant M
Started 20 RE downtail, 15s intervals
Evolves naturally under MHD E and B fields
Removed from simulation at magnetopause
Color coded by energy
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21. High-Energy Electrons
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22. High-Energy Electrons: Deep-Dielectric Charging
1. Electrons bury themselves in the insulator
4. Electrons build up faster than they leak off
2. Electrons slowly leak out of the insulator
5. Discharge (electrical spark) that damages or destroys the material
3. Influx of electrons increases to levels higher than the leakage rate
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23. Star Tracker Anomalies at GEO
Baker et al. (1987)
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24. Anomalies Due to Dielectric Charging
Probability of discharges goes up dramatically with increasing electron fluence.
Vampola (1977)
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25. Radiation Belt Content Index
Idea introduced in Baker et al. (1999)
Integrates over energy spectrum and 2.5 < L < 6.5
Gives a single “Radiation Belt Electron content” Index (RBI)
LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

26. RBI-Solar Wind Speed Comparison
Many operational anomalies in 1994 period
Late 1993 and early 1994 were remarkable times for VSW
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27. ANIK Failures: Deep-Dielectric Charging
ANIK Anomalies
ANIK/Intelsat
failures in January
1994 occurred
during the highest
radiation belt
content interval
of the last decade
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28. The RBI Allows Averaging and Superposition
Annual and seasonal averaging is readily done
Gives a true global view
Baker et al., GRL (1999)
Builds on idea of radiation belt “coherence”
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29. Radiation Belt Content : POLAR/SAMPEX
Baker et al., JGR (2001)
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30. October 2003 Events
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31. The Halloween Storm in the Heliosphere
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32. D. N. Baker et al., Nature, 16 Dec 2004
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33. Spacecraft Anomalies: October-November
ADEOS-2, Stardust, Chandra, Various GOES
Genesis
RHESSI
INTEGRAL, Chandra, SMART-1
NOAA-17
KODAMA, Mars Odyssey
POLAR
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34. Day-to-Day Variation of the Radiation Belts
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35. Selected Days: Outer Belt Properties
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36. Resonant Scattering Plasmasphere He+ 15% 30.4 nm EUV
(Courtesy of J. Goldstein )
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37. EUV Images of the Plasmasphere
Global EUV He+ Image
Plasmasphere
He+ 15%
plasmasphere
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39. Extreme Plasmasphere Erosion
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41. D. N. Baker et al., Nature, 16 Dec 2004
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42. Regions of Wave-Particle Interactions
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43. Largest Flare in Recorded History, Extremely Fast CME - Narrow Miss at Earth
X-28 Class Flare
Fast CME, km/s
SEP
Glancing Blow
LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005