1. France in the Second Half of the 19th Century
Class notes

2. Challenges to democracy
Antagonism between Paris and provinces
State repression of protesters
Monarchists attempting to reinstate an authoritarian government
Anti-Semitism

3. The Dreyfus Affair
In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer on the French General Staff, was accused of passing secrets to Germany (i.e., espionage).
Army officers attempted a cover-up by forging evidence against Dreyfus.
The French public was divided over the issue.
Dreyfus was eventually acquitted, but the divisions in France remained.

4. Emile Zola prominent French novelist journalist political activist
founder of the naturalist movement
acquaintance of Cezanne and other famous French artists