1. The TicketekCase Study
Romana Chandra
Jason Murphy
Shivam Sinha
Distinction Assignment, Autumn 2007

2. Introduction to the Ticketek Database
This database is based on a ticketing system. It contains records of ticketing, events, customers, locations and ticket dispatch
As frequent customers to ticketek and fans of comedy, we have decided to create a database that displays comedy events which include show times, locations, members and tickets purchased.

3. The ERD for Ticketek Database
Barcode
ShowNo*
MemberID*
SeatNumber
TicketType
TicketClass
TicketPrice
Member
MemberID
MemFirstName
MemLastName
UserName
Password
Shows
ShowNo
ShowStartTime
ShowDate
Events
EventID
EventName
EventDescription
EventShowLocation
ShowNo*
LocationID*
EventID*
Location
LocationID
VenueName
State
City

4. SQL Queries on a Single Entity/ Table

5. Project (using “select”)
Showing the Event ID with its corresponding Event Name
SELECT shahticketekeventseventid, shahticketekeventseventname from ShahTicketekEvents;
The columns you list
between “SELECT” and
“FROM” are displayed.
Wil Anderson 10
Russell Peters 9
Paresh Rawal 8
Lano and Wooney 7
Faith Prince 6
EuroBeat 5
David Strassman 4
Daniel Kitson 3
Crazy For You 2
Canned Laughter 1
ShahTicketekEventsEventName
ShahTicketekEventEventId
By the way:
SQL “keywords” are not case sensitive (other things are).
All SQL commands end with a semi-colon “;”

6. Restrict (using “where”)
Choosing rows
A horizontal slice
Brisbane
QLD
Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 13
Melbourne
VIC
Comedy Theatre 12
Dallas Brooks Centre 11
Sydney
NSW
WIN Entertainment Centre 10
Regent Theatre 9
Enmore Theatre 8
Newcastle
Civic Theatre 7
Sofitel Melbourne 6
The Palms at Crown 5
Revesby Workers Club 4
@ Newtown 3
The Besen Centre 2
Horden Pavillion 1
ShahTicketekLocationCity
ShahTicketekLocationState
ShahTicketekLocationVenueName
ShahTicketekLocationLocationID

7. Restrict (using “where”)
Get all shows who’s location is in NSW
Select * from ShahTicketekLocation where shahticketeklocationstate = 'NSW';
Sydney
NSW
WIN Entertainment Centre 10
Enmore Theatre 8
Newcastle
Civic Theatre 7
Revesby Workers Club 4
@Newtown 3
Horden Pavillion 1
ShahTicketekLocationCity
ShahTicketekLocationState
ShahTicketekLocationVenueName
ShahTicketekLocationLocationID

8. Project and restrict combo
You can specify any combination of columns and rows
e.g. List the Member ID, show number and Ticket type for show numbers that are < 30.
Select ShahTicketekMembersMemberID, ShahTicketekShowsShowNo, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType from ShahTicketekTickets where
ShahTicketekShowsShowNo <30;
Adult 1
115 11
114 3
113 12
112 15
110
Concession 29
109 8
108 28
107
Child 24
106 18
105 16
104 2
102
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType
ShahTicketekShowsShowNo
ShahTicketekMembersMemberID

9. Is not Null CREATE Table ShahTicketekLocation (
ShahTicketekLocationLocationID Integer not null, -- A unique number given to each location an event may be held.
ShahTicketekLocationVenueName Varchar(100) not null, -- A unique number given to each venue.
ShahTicketekLocationState Varchar(5) not null, -- The state in which the show is taking place.
ShahTicketekLocationCity Varchar(15) not null, -- The city in which the show is taking place.
CONSTRAINT PKLocationID PRIMARY KEY (ShahTicketekLocationLocationID),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekLocationLocationID CHECK (ShahTicketekLocationLocationID IS NOT NULL),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekLocationVenueName CHECK (ShahTicketekLocationVenueName IS NOT NULL),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekLocationState CHECK (ShahTicketekLocationState IS NOT NULL),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekLocationCity CHECK (ShahTicketekLocationCity IS NOT NULL)

10. IN Used with a list of values
Report data on tickets with classes of Gold and VIP
Select * from ShahTicketekTickets where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass IN ('Gold', 'VIP');
… is equivalent to …
SELECT * FROM ShahTicketekTickets WHERE ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = ‘Gold’ OR ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = ‘VIP’;
100.00
VIP
Adult
52B 1
115
29475
75.00
46C 12
112
75638
70.00
Gold
Concession 87 29
109
28873
567 8
108
28483
110.00 4 18
105
89898
49.50
24B 44
100
82084
24A
78473
shahticketekticketsticketprice
shahticketektic ketsticketclass
shahticketekt icketsticketty pe
shahticketekticke tsseatnumber
shahticketeksho wsshowno
shahticketekme mbersmemberid
shahticketekti cketsbarcode

11. NOT IN Not in a list of values
Report data on all tickets except those with TicketClass ‘Silver’ or ‘Bronze’
Select * from ShahTicketekTickets where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass NOT IN ('Bronze', 'Silver');
… is equivalent to …
SELECT * FROM ShahTicketekTickets
WHERE ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass <> ‘Bronze’
AND ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass <> ‘Silver’;
100.00
VIP
Adult
52B 1
115
29475
75.00
46C 12
112
75638
70.00
Gold
Concession 87 29
109
28873
567 8
108
28483
110.00 4 18
105
89898
49.50
24B 44
100
82084
24A
78473
shahticketektick etsticketprice
shahticketektick etsticketclass
shahticketektick etstickettype
shahticketektick etsseatnumber
shahticketeksho wsshowno
shahticketekme mbersmemberid
shahticketektick etsbarcode

12. Ordering columns Columns are reported in the
order specified after “SELECT”
in the SQL command
Select ShahTicketekLocationLocationID, ShahTicketekLocationState from ShahTicketekLocation where ShahTicketekLocationState ='QLD';
shahticketeklocationlocationid | shahticketeklocationstate
| QLD
(1 row)
Select ShahTicketekLocationState, ShahTicketekLocationLocationID from
ShahTicketekLocation where ShahTicketekLocationState = ‘QLD’;
shahticketeklocationstate | shahticketeklocationlocationid
QLD |
(1 row)

13. Ordering rows: “order by”
List all tickets with price of at least 70$ and order the report in descending Ticket Price. Where Ticket Prices are identical, list Ticket Class in alphabetical order.
SELECT * FROM ShahTicketekTickets WHERE ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice >= 70.00
ORDER BY ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice DESC, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass;
“DESC”is short for “DESCENDING”.
70.00
Gold
Concession 87 29
109
28873
Adult
567 8
108
28483
75.00
VIP
46C 12
112
75638
100.00
52B 1
115
29475
110.00 4 18
105
89898
shahticketekticketsticketprice
shahticketektic ketsticketclass
shahticketektic ketstickettype
shahticketektic ketsseatnumb er
shahticketeksh owsshowno
shahticketekm embersmembe rid
shahticketektic ketsbarcode

14. Calculating
Select ShahTicketekMembersMemberID, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice*0.5 as discount from ShahTicketekTickets;
shahticketekmembersmemberid | shahticketekticketsticketprice | discount
100 | |
102 | |
103 | |
104 | |
105 | |
106 | |
107 | |
108 | |
109 | |
110 | |
111 | |
112 | |
113 | |
114 | |
115 | |
101 | |
(17 rows)

15. Built-in functions e.g. Find the average price.
COUNT, AVG, SUM, MIN, and MAX
e.g. Find the average price.
SELECT AVG(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) AS avgprice
FROM ShahTicketekTickets;
avgprice
(1 row)

16. Built-in functions COUNT(*) – the number of rows
e.g. How many members are there?
SELECT COUNT(*) AS members
FROM ShahTicketekMembers;
members 16
(1 row)
COUNT(name of a column) – the number of
non-null values in that column

17. Continued…..
Determine the total number of rows in the Ticket Events Table
Select count(*) from ShahTicketekEvents;
count 10
(1 row)
How many shows are showing in NSW?
Select count(*) from ShahTicketekLocation where ShahTicketekLocationState = ‘NSW’;
count 6
(1 row)
Note: (*) means ‘The Whole Row’

18. COUNT Function- Continued….
Give the number of values recorded in the MemberID column.
Select count(ShahTicketekMembersMemberID) from ShahTicketekMembers;
Note: We do not use (*) this time
count 16
(1 row)
How many different states have shows recorded in the Location table?
Select count(distinct ShahTicketekLocationState) as no_of_states from ShahTicketekLocation;
Note: no_of_states has been created as
The output heading instead of count by using
“AS”
no_of_states 3
(1 row)

19. Min and Max Functions…
Give the price of the cheapest Adult ticket
Select min(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) from
ShahTicketekTickets where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType = ‘Adult’;
min
32.00
(1 row)
Give the price of the most expensive ticket
Select max(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) from ShahTicketekTickets;
max
110.00
(1 row)

20. AVG and SUM Functions…
Give the average price of all tickets
Select avg(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) from ShahTicketekTickets;
avg
(1 row)
Give the total price for Gold and VIP tickets
Select sum(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) from ShahTicketekTickets where
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass in (‘Gold’, ‘VIP’);
sum
524.00
(1 row)

21. LIKE - Pattern matching
List all Shows that has title starting with ‘C’.
Select ShahTicketekEventsEventName from ShahTicketekEvents where ShahTicketekEventsEventName like 'C%';
List all Shows containing ‘and’ in their description.
SELECT ShahTicketekEventsEventDescription from ShahTicketekEvents
WHERE ShahTicketekEventsEventDescription LIKE '%and%';
shahticketekeventseventname
Canned Laughter
Crazy For you
(2 rows)
“%” matches any
character, one or
more times.
shahticketekeventseventdescription
A show about leaves, contraryism, hope and heroism.
12 countries go head to head battling in song and dance to win the coveted Eurobeat Award.
Musical, physical, hilarious and always surprising.
With Asian roots, Russell explores attitudes towards race in a way that is fresh, surprising and hard-hitting.
Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show.
(5 rows)

22. LIKE - Pattern matching
Find members with ‘h’ as the third letter of their first name.
SELECT ShahTicketekMembersMemFirstName FROM ShahTicketekMembers
WHERE ShahTicketekMembersMemFirstName LIKE '__h%';
Find members not containing an ‘s’ in their password.
SELECT ShahTicketekMembersPassword FROM ShahTicketekMembers
WHERE ShahTicketekMembersPassword NOT LIKE '%S%'
AND ShahTicketekMembersPassword NOT LIKE '%s%';
shahticketekmembersmemfirstname
John
Sahar
Johnny
(3 rows)
“_” matches any
character, only
once.
shahticketekmemberspassword
Lamp
JF123
Laden
Faraz
Alba
Beyonce
93456
481644
Kate
Thriller
DBrockz
(11 rows)

23. DISTINCT Eliminating duplicate rows
Report the different venues of the LocationID (“ShahTicketekLocationLocationID”).
SELECT DISTINCT ShahTicketekLocationLocationID FROM ShahTicketekEventShowLocation;
shahticketeklocationlocationid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(13 rows)

24. DISTINCT Eliminating duplicate rows
Find the number of different Location ID’s.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT ShahTicketekLocationLocationID) AS Different_Location_ID
FROM ShahTicketekEventShowLocation;
different_location_id 13
(1 row)

25. Inserting rows
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (78473, 100, 44, '24A', 'Adult', 'Gold', 49.50);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (82084, 100, 44, '24B', 'Adult', 'Gold', 49.50);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (29495, 102, 2, '68', 'Concession', 'Bronze', 25.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (12345, 103, 34, '133', 'Adult', 'Silver', 67.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (98765, 104, 16, '60Z', 'Concession', 'Bronze', 35.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (89898, 105, 18, '4', 'Concession', 'VIP', );
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (34462, 106, 24, '55D', 'Child', 'Bronze', 25.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (39482, 107, 28, '8A', 'Adult', 'Bronze', 55.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (28483, 108, 8, '567', 'Adult', 'Gold', 70.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (28873, 109, 29, '87', 'Concession', 'Gold', 70.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (12093, 110, 15, '33', 'Adult', 'Bronze', 35.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (14856, 111, 49, '16D', 'Concession', 'Silver', 30.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (75638, 112, 12, '46C', 'Adult', 'VIP', 75.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (29374, 113, 3, '99X', 'Adult', 'Bronze', 32.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (92837, 114, 11, '456', 'Adult','Silver', 40.00);
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (29475, 115, 1, '52B', 'Adult', 'VIP', );
INSERT INTO ShahTicketekTickets VALUES (12745, 101, 43, '63Z', 'Child', 'Bronze', 15.00);

26. Foreign Keys and Natural Joins

27. Foreign keys Primary key Location, Event
shahticketeklocationlocationid | shahticketeklocationvenuename | shahticketeklocationstate | shahticketeklocationcity
1 | Hordern Pavilion | NSW | Sydney
2 | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
| NSW | Sydney
4 | Revesby Workers Club | NSW | Sydney
5 | The Palms at Crown | VIC | Melbourne
6 | Sofitel Melbourne | VIC | Melbourne
7 | Civic Theatre | NSW | Newcastle
8 | Enmore Theatre | NSW | Sydney
9 | Regent Theatre | VIC | Melbourne
10 | WIN Entertainment Centre | NSW | Sydney
11 | Dallas Brooks Centre | VIC | Melbourne
12 | Comedy Theatre | VIC | Melbourne
13 | Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre| QLD | Brisbane
Location, Event
Foreign keys
shahticketekeventseventid | shahticketekshowsshowno | shahticketeklocationlocationid
1 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
…| … | …
Primary key

28. The Natural Join (1)
Create a new table from two existing tables by matching on common columns
select *
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekEventShowLocation
where shahticketekeventseventname='Wil Anderson';
eventid | eventname | eventdescription | sshowno | locationid
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |

29. The Natural Join (2)
select * from ShahTicketekEvents, ShahTicketekEventShowLocation
where ShahTicketekEvents. ShahTicketekEventsEventID =ShahTicketekEventShowLocation. ShahTicketekEventsEventID
and shahticketekeventseventname='Wil Anderson';
eventid | eventname | eventdescription | sshowno | locationid
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |
10 | Wil Anderson | Politics, pop and the banal come together in a brand new show. | |

30. The Natural Join (2) .
The same thing as using “natural join” on the previous slide, but using the alternate (“cross product”) notation
where ShahTicketekEvents. ShahTicketekEventsEventID =ShahTicketekEventShowLocation. ShahTicketekEventsEventID
Notice the use of the dot ... a table name, followed by “.”, followed by the name of a column in the table. This disambiguates which column we mean.

31. Entities and Relationships

32. Tickets − Mission m:1 relationship
Barcode
ShowNo*
MemberID*
SeatNumber
TicketType
TicketClass
TicketPrice
Member
MemberID
MemFirstName
MemLastName
UserName
Password
Shows
ShowNo
ShowStartTime
ShowDate
The table Tickets
Member Id
ShowNo
Barcode
OtherColu mns

33. Group by, sub-queries and complex joins

34. Shows and Tickets
showno | starttime | showdate
1 | 19: | 16/06/2006
2 | 20: | 20/05/2006
3 | 14: | 21/05/2006
4 | 20: | 23/05/2006
5 | 20: | 24/05/2006
6 | 20: | 25/05/2006
7 | 20: | 26/05/2006
8 | 20: | 27/05/2006
9 | 20: | 20/05/2006
10 | 19: | 21/05/2006
11 | 18: | 16/06/2006
12 | 21: | 16/06/2006
13 | 20: | 20/05/2006
14 | 13: | 21/05/2006
15 | 20: | 24/05/2006
16 | 20: | 25/05/2006
17 | 20: | 26/05/2006
18 | 14: | 27/05/2006
19 | 20: | 27/05/2006
20 | 13: | 28/05/2006
barcode | memberid | showno | seatnumber | tickettype | ticketclass | ticketprice
78473 | | | 24A | Adult | Gold |
82084 | | | 24B | Adult | Gold |
29495 | | | | Concession | Bronze |
12345 | | | | Adult | Silver |
98765 | | | 60Z | Concession | Bronze |
89898 | | | | Concession | VIP |
34462 | | | | Child | Bronze |
39482 | | | 8A | Adult | Bronze

35. GROUP BY shahticketekshowsshowdate | avgprice
Report the Avg Price of an Adult Ticket on all of the Events on a Particular Day
select ShahTicketekShowsShowDate, AVG(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) AS AvgPrice
from ShahTicketekShows natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType='Adult'
group by ShahTicketekShowsShowDate;
shahticketekshowsshowdate | avgprice
20/05/ |
10/07/ |
16/06/ |
21/05/ |
27/05/ |
24/05/ |
9/06/ |

36. HAVING – like WHERE, but after the grouping
Report the Avg Price of an Adult Ticket on all of the Events on a Particular Day, where the shows happen more than once a day
select ShahTicketekShowsShowDate, AVG(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice) AS AvgPrice
from ShahTicketekShows natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType='Adult'
group by ShahTicketekShowsShowDate
HAVING COUNT (*) >1;
shahticketekshowsshowdate | avgprice
10/07/ |
16/06/ |

37. Subqueries max -------- 110.00 A query within a query
Show the Maximum price for VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice >= (
Select max(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice)
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP');
max
110.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

38. Using subqueries to find the maximum
Show the Maximum price for VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice = (
Select max(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice)
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP');
max
110.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

39. Using subqueries to find the minimum
Show the Minimum price for VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice = (
Select min(ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice)
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP');
min
75.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

40. Alternate way to find the maximum “ALL”
Show the Maximum price for all VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice >= ALL (
Select ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP');
shahticketekticketsticketprice
110.00
75.00
100.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

41. Alternate way to find the minimum: “ALL”
Show the Minimum price for all VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice <= ALL(
Select ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP')
and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = 'VIP' ;
shahticketekticketsticketprice
110.00
75.00
100.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

42. Alternate way to find the Maximum “ANY”
Show the Minimum price for ANY VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice > ANY (
select ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP')
and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP';
shahticketekticketsticketprice
110.00
75.00
100.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

43. Alternate way to find the minimum: “ANY”
Show the Minimum price for any VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice < ANY(
Select ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP')
and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = 'VIP' ;
shahticketekticketsticketprice
110.00
75.00
100.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

44. Alternate way to find the Maximum “IN”
Show the Minimum price for ANY VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice > IN (
select ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP')
and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP'; ??
shahticketekticketsticketprice
110.00
75.00
100.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |

45. Alternate way to find the Minimum “IN”
Show the Minimum price for ANY VIP Class Tickets
select ShahTicketekEventsEventName, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekEvents natural join ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice > IN (
select ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
from ShahTicketekTickets
where ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP')
and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass ='VIP'; ??
shahticketekticketsticketprice
110.00
75.00
100.00
shahticketekeventseventname | shahticketekticketsticketprice
Canned Laughter |
Crazy For you |
Daniel Kitson |
David Strassman |
EuroBeat |
Faith Prince |
Lano and Woodley |
Paresh Rawal |
Russell Peters |
Wil Anderson |
Self-Join: a join between a table and itself (two copies of the same table). Self- joins are useful for finding relationships among rows of the same table.
Problems involving self-referencing (unary) relationships are part of tree- structured queries. In tree-structured queries, a table can be visualized as a structure such as a tree or hierarchy. For example, the Faculty table has a structure showing an organization hierarchy. At the top, the college dean resides. At the bottom, faculty members without subordinates reside. Similar structures apply to the chart of accounts in accounting systems, part structures in manufacturing systems, and route networks in transportation systems.
A more difficult problem than a self-join is to find all subordinates (direct or indirect) in an organization hierarchy. This problem can be solved in SQL if the number of subordinate levels is known. One join for each subordinate level is needed. Without knowing the number of subordinate levels, this problem cannot be done in SQL2 although it can be solved in SQL3 and with proprietary extensions of SQL2. In SQL2, tree-structured queries can be solved by using SQL inside a programming language.

46. Left Outer join
The purpose of an outer join is to include non-matching rows, and the outer join returns these missing columns as NULL values. 
A natural join plus those rows from t1 not included in the natural join
select * from ShahTicketekEventShowLocation left join ShahTicketekLocation using (ShahTicketekLocationLocationID);
locationid | venuename | locationstate | locationcity
1 | Hordern Pavilion | NSW | Sydney
2 | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
| NSW | Sydney
4 | Revesby Workers Club | NSW | Sydney
5 | The Palms at Crown | VIC | Melbourne
6 | Sofitel Melbourne | VIC | Melbourne
7 | Civic Theatre | NSW | Newcastle
eventid | showno | locationid
1 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |
2 | |

47. Left Outer join
locationid | tseventid | showno | venuename | shahticketeklocationstate | locationcity
1 | | | Hordern Pavilion | NSW | Sydney
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
3 | | | NSW | Sydney

48. Right Outer join
A natural join plus those rows from t2 not included in the natural join
select * from ShahTicketekEventShowLocation right join ShahTicketekLocation using (ShahTicketekLocationLocationID);

49. Right Outer join
locationid | eventid | showno | venuename | locationstate | locationcity
1 | | | Hordern Pavilion | NSW | Sydney
2 | | | The Besen Center | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Center | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre | VIC | Melbourne
2 | | | The Besen Centre| VIC | Melbourne
3 | | | NSW | Sydney
3 | | | NSW | Sydney
3 | | | NSW | Sydney
3 | | | NSW | Sydney
3 | | | NSW | Sydney
3 | | | NSW

50. Self-Join Join a table to itself
Usually involve a self-referencing relationship
Useful to find relationships
among rows of the same
table

51. Querying a recursive relationship
Find the Minimum Cost for A ticket for show for all ticket Types
SELECT t1. ShahTicketekShowsShowNo ,t1.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice, t1.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType, t1.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass
FROM ShahTicketekTickets t1, ShahTicketekTickets t2
WHERE t1.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType = t2.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType
AND t1.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice < t2.ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice
Order By t1. ShahTicketekShowsShowNo;
shahticketekshowsshowno | shahticketekticketsticketprice | shahticketekticketstickettype | shahticketekticketsticketclass
2 | | Concession | Bronze
3 | | Adult | Bronze
8 | | Adult | Gold
11 | | Adult | Silver
11 | | Adult | Silver

52. Data Integrity with SQL

53. Tickets and Member Tables linked by a foreign key
JF123
Johnny
Fox
John
101
Lamp
Lava
Gopikrishna
Lavanya
100
password
username
memlastname
memfirstname
memberid
foreign key
67.00
Silver
Adult
133 34
103
12345
110.00
VIP
Concession 4 18
105
9898
ticketprice
ticketclass
tickettype
seatnumber
showno
memberid
barcode

54. Creating the linked tables
CREATE Table ShahTicketekMembers (
ShahTicketekMembersMemberID Integer not null,
ShahTicketekMembersMemFirstName VarChar(50) not null,
ShahTicketekMembersMemLastName VarChar(50) not null,
ShahTicketekMembersUserName VarChar(15) not null,
ShahTicketekMembersPassword VarChar(15) not null,
CONSTRAINT PKMembership PRIMARY KEY (ShahTicketekMembersMemberID) );
CREATE Table ShahTicketekTickets
ShahTicketekTicketsBarcode Integer not null,
ShahTicketekMembersMemberID Integer not null,
ShahTicketekShowsShowNo Integer not null,
ShahTicketekTicketsSeatNumber VarChar(15) not null,
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType VarChar(15) not null,
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass VarChar(15),
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice Decimal(5,2) not null,
CONSTRAINT FKMemberNo FOREIGN KEY (ShahTicketekMembersMemberID)
REFERENCES ShahTicketekMembers
ON DELETE CASCADE,

55. The Table for the Constraints
CREATE Table ShahTicketekTickets (
ShahTicketekTicketsBarcode Integer not null,
ShahTicketekMembersMemberID Integer not null,
ShahTicketekShowsShowNo Integer not null,
ShahTicketekTicketsSeatNumber VarChar(15) not null,
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType VarChar(15) not null,
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass VarChar(15),
ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice Decimal(5,2) not null,

56. SQL Syntax for Actions
CONSTRAINT PKBarcodeNo PRIMARY KEY (ShahTicketekTicketsBarcode),
CONSTRAINT FKMemberNo FOREIGN KEY (ShahTicketekMembersMemberID)
REFERENCES ShahTicketekMembers
ON DELETE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT FKShowID FOREIGN KEY (ShahTicketekShowsShowNo)
REFERENCES ShahTicketekShows
NO ACTION means restrict;
Most DBMS do not allow all options:
- Access permits restrict (default) and cascade
- Oracle does not have the ON UPDATE clause
- Oracle only permits CASCADE for the ON DELETE clause; default is restrict

57. Check Constraints
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType CHECK ((ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType = 'Adult') OR (ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType = 'Concession') OR (ShahTicketekTicketsTicketType = 'Child')),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass CHECK ((ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = 'Gold') OR (ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = 'Silver') OR (ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = 'Bronze') OR (ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass = 'VIP')),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekShowsShowNo CHECK (ShahTicketekShowsShowNo IS NOT NULL),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekTicketsBarcode CHECK (ShahTicketekTicketsBarcode IS NOT NULL),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekTicketsSeatNumber CHECK (ShahTicketekTicketsSeatNumber IS NOT NULL),
CONSTRAINT ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice CHECK (ShahTicketekTicketsTicketPrice IS NOT NULL)

58. Normalization

59. First Normal Form OtherColumns EventID ShowNo The primary key
( ShowNo, EventID,
SeatNumber,TicketType,TicketClass,TicketPrice,MemberID, MemFirstName MemLastName UserName,Password,ShowStartTime,ShowDate,EventNa me,EventDescription,VenueName,StateCity)
Solution: split into two or more Tables.

60. Second Normal Form Contains The respective primary keys of each table
ShowDate
ShowStartTime
ShowNo
Customer details
City
State
VenueName
LocationID
EventDescription
EventName
EventID
Contains
The respective primary keys of each table
MemberID, MemberFirstName,MemLastName,UserName,Password

61. 3rd Normalised form ShowDate ShowStartTime ShowNo City State VenueName
ShowDate
ShowStartTime
ShowNo
City
State
VenueName
LocationID
EventDescription
EventName
EventID
MemberID
Member FirstName
MemLastName
UserName
Password

62. Using a View in SQL…
Suppose we want to obtain a comprehensive report such as the following:
Show the Member ID, Ticket class, Username and Seat number of all the members with member id greater than 103 and have gold class tickets.
The query would be:
Select ShahTicketekMembersMemberID, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass, ShahTicketekMembersUserName, ShahTicketekTicketsSeatNumber from ShahTicketekTickets natural join ShahTicketekMembers where ShahTicketekMembersMemberID>103 and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass='Gold';

63. Views Continued… The following output is obtained: 87 Azy Gold 109 567
Hol
108
Seatnumber
Username
Ticket Class
Member ID

64. Views continued…
Suppose this query is required again at a later time, It would be rather inconvenient to type out such a long query all the time.
Here is where the use of views come in.
A view is basically saving a particular query on the database as a particular name.

65. Views Continued… To create the view: Applying this to our query,
The syntax to create a view is CREATE VIEW name AS query. This will save the query string query to the database under the name name.
Applying this to our query,
Create View ticketekview as Select ShahTicketekMembersMemberID, ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass, ShahTicketekMembersUserName, ShahTicketekTicketsSeatNumber from ShahTicketekTickets natural join ShahTicketekMembers where ShahTicketekMembersMemberID>103 and ShahTicketekTicketsTicketClass='Gold';

66. Views Continued…
Now the view has been created, we can check using \dv that it exists
List of relations
Name | Type | Owner
ticketekview | view | rochandr

67. Select * from ticketekview;
Views continued…
We can now use the view at any time simply by using a normal select query:
Select * from ticketekview; 87
Azy
Gold
109
567
Hol
108
Seatnumber
Username
Ticket Class
Member ID