1. Influenza hemagglutination assay

2. hemagglutination assay
Principle
Influenza virus particles have an envelope protein called the hemagglutinin, or HA, which binds to sialic acid receptors on cells.
The virus will also bind to erythrocytes (red blood cells), causing the formation of a lattice.
This property is called hemagglutination, and is the basis of a rapid assay to determine levels of influenza virus present in a sample.
To conduct the assay, two-fold serial dilutions of a virus are prepared, mixed with a specific amount of red blood cells, and added to the wells of a plastic tray.

3. Hemagglutination (HA) Test+
RBC Suspension
HA Virus
Settling Pattern

4. HA Procedure Label plates (8 or 12 wells/row)
Add 50 ul PBS to all wells
Add 50 ul prepared virus to 1st well
Mix & dilute (50 ul) – 1st through last well
Add 50 ul 0.5% washed rbcs to all wells
Mix by shaking plates
Read at 20 – 30 minutes (when rbcs buttoned)

5. Results

6. Interpretation
The red blood cells that are not bound by influenza virus sink to the bottom of a well and form a button.
The red blood cells that are attached to virus particles form a lattice that coats the well.
The assay can be performed within 30 minutes, and is therefore a quick indicator of the relative quantities of virus particles.

7. Hemagglutination inhibition assay
Principle
The HA assay can be easily modified to determine the level of antibodies to influenza virus present in serum samples.
The basis of the HI assay is that antibodies to influenza virus will prevent attachment of the virus to red blood cells.
Therefore hemagglutination is inhibited when antibodies are present.

8. Hemagglutination-Inhibition (HI) Test+ +
RBC Suspension
HA Virus
Antibody
Settling Pattern

9. First they obtained a preparation of one of the new influenza viruses, and determined its HA titer by adding a fixed amount of virus to every well of a 96-well plate, equivalent to 32 – 64 HA units.
Then they prepared two-fold dilutions of each serum to be tested, and added each dilution series along a row of wells. Finally, they added red blood cells and incubated for 30 minutes.

10. Procedure Label plates (8 or 12 wells/row) Add 50 ul PBS to all wells
Mix & dilute (50 ul) serum through last well
Add 50 ul virus preparation to each well
Incubate 30 minutes at room temperature
Add 50 ul 0.5% washed rbcs
Read at 20 – 30 minutes

11. results

12. Interpretation
The highest dilution of serum that prevents hemagglutination is called the HI titer of the serum.
If the serum contains no antibodies that react with the new strain, then hemagglutination will be observed in all wells.
Likewise, if antibodies to the virus are present, hemagglutination will not be observed until the antibodies are sufficiently diluted.