1. Memory: Unit 7
The information processing model views human (and computer) memory as a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves bits of information.
In humans, information processing occurs in three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

2. Memory - The process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past.
The Three 3’s of Memory
3 Kinds
3 Processes
3 Stages

3. 3 Kinds of Memory Episodic-specific events Semantic-general memory
Flashbulb memories- event is so important that we remember every detail
Usually arouse powerful feelings
Semantic-general memory
George Washington 1st President
Alphabet and most school work
Usually don’t remember WHEN we learned it
Implicit-not clearly stated
Skills or procedures you have learned
Usually stays with you for many years
Riding a bike, making tamales, setting up a tent

5. 3 Memory Processes
Encoding-translation of information into a form in which it can be stored. Physical stimulation into mental representations.
Visual codes-remembering via mental pictures
Acoustic codes-remembering via sounds
Semantic codes-remembering via meaning
Storage-the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time.
Retrieval-locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought

6. Encoding examples-Mnemonics
Name all of the Great Lakes.

7. Encoding examples-Mnemonics “H.O.M.E.S.”

9. Cat Book Snake Leaf Sun Pills Tree Snow Happy Train
How many can you remember? Visual Code example Number a sheet of paper Title it “Memory Activities”
Cat
Book
Snake
Leaf
Sun
Pills
Tree
Snow
Happy
Train

10. Peg Word System (context clues/visual code)
“Bun”
“Shoe”
“Tree”
“Door”
“Hive”
“Sticks”
“Heaven”
“Gate”
“Wine”
“Hen”

11. How many can you remember NOW?
Desk
Necklace
Fish
Tent
Sidewalk
Rain
Burger
Apple
Watch
Skip

12. 3 Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory

13. Three Stage Process of Memory

14. Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed.
¼-3 seconds
Walking from 1st to 2nd period.

15. Sensory memory
Iconic memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph-like quality lasting only about a second. Visual sensory memory.
Echoic memory - for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds. Auditory sensory memory.

16. Short Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Phone number, web address, etc.
The info will be stored in long-term memory or be forgotten.
18-60 seconds
Rehearsal - You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

17. Short Term Memory A.K.A …WORKING MEMORY
Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory.

18. Short Term Memory
How many bits of information can we hold in there? Get out your “Memory Activities” paper.
STM Capacity Activity
I will read several groupings of numbers, to which you should listen carefully without writing anything. After each series, I will ask you to use your memory to write down the numbers in the order that I read them. Remember, do not write anything until I tell you to do so.
Estimate your personal immediate memory span.
IF you mess up on getting 6 numbers correct, your PIMS would be 5.

20. Short Term Memory Capacity
“The Magical Number 7, Plus or Minus Two”
George Miller
7 items, plus or minus 2
The set of numbers preceding your 1st mistake represents your personal immediate memory span.

21. Short Term Memory
Your phone number, student ID #, etc.
Demonstration volunteers?
information held can be increased if it is organized into chunks of meaningful information.
chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Chunk- from Goonies

22. Chunking
First row makes little sense to us….but when we chunk the characters differently they become easy to remember.

23. Chunking Which is easier to remember? HO TB UT TE RE DP
OP CO RN IN AB OWL
HOT BUTTERED POPCORN IN A BOWL

24. Memory Demonstration
You will see/hear a list of words, then you will have 30 seconds to write down as many of the words you can recall. Carefully listen first…Do not write until I tell you to!

25. Bed

26. Quilt

27. Dark

28. Silence

29. Fatigue

30. Clock

31. Snoring

32. Night

33. Toss

34. Tired

35. Night

36. Artichoke

37. Turn

38. Night

39. Rest

40. Dream

41. Begin writing-you have 30 seconds
How many recalled “sleep?”
Constructive memory-this word was not on the list!
How many recalled “toss” and “turn?”
Chunking
How many recalled “night?”
Rehearsal
How many recalled “artichoke?”
Semantic distinctiveness

42. Serial position effects
Our tendency to best recall the first and last items in a list.
primacy effect - the enhanced ability to recall items from the beginning of the list.
Bed, quilt, dark
recency effect - the enhanced ability to recall items from the end of the list.
Night, rest, dream