1. Blood Clotting Serum + blood clot gel Coagulation Thrombosis Embolus
Fibrin traps formed elements
Coagulation
Thrombosis
Embolus

2. Blood Clotting Chemicals involved: Ca2+ Inactive enzymes
Molecules from platelets
Molecules from damaged tissues
Requires Vitamin K and Ca2+
Uncontrolled bleeding

3. Blood Clotting Formation of prothrombinase
Via 2 pathways
Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin by prothrombinase
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by thrombin

4. Prothrombinase Formation
TF = thromboplastin (lipoproteins + phospholipids)
Clotting factor X = thrombokinase
Factor V = proaccelerin
Factor XII = Hagemen factor

5. Thrombin Formation

6. Fibrin Formation Factor XIII = fibrin-stabilizing factor
(also in plasma + platelets)

8. Positive Feedback of Thrombin
Accelerates prothrombinase formation (clotting factor V)
Activates platelets = reinforces aggregation

9. Clot Retraction “Shrinking” of a blood clot
Platelets pull on fibrin threads = contract vessel
Permanent repair of the blood vessel
Fibroblasts form CT in ruptured area
New endothelial cells repair vessel lining
Fibrinolytic mechanisms break down clot

10. Quick assigned reading
Read “Homeostatic Control Mechanisms” page

11. Blood Topics Functions and Properties of Blood Components of Blood
Blood Cell Formation
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Hemostasis
Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion

12. Blood Groups
The ABO blood types and Rh system are based on antigen-antibody responses
24 blood groups
100 antigens

13. Blood Groups “Self-antigens” are located on RBC plasma membranes
Blood grouping based on presence/absence of self-antigens

14. Blood Groups

15. ABO Cross Matching
Donor A B AB O  
Recipient

17. Rh Group Rh+ = expression of Rh antigen
Rh- = no expression of Rh antigen
Most people are Rh+
Most people do not have Anti-Rh antibodies.
If an Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood, they will produce Anti-Rh antibodies.

18. Donations Universal donor = O- Universal receiver = AB+
These terms are dangerous!
Cross-matching

19. Blood Transfusion Principles of Transfusion
Hemolysis occurs if recipient’s blood plasma antibodies interact with donor’s antigens

20. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

21. Key Terms Agglutinins = antibodies Agglutinogens = antigens
Incompatibility between them = aggluntination

22. Review Questions What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Rapidly transports nutrients, respiratory gases, regulatory substances, waste products, and cells within the body.
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels
What are the main components of blood?
Plasma – mostly water
Formed elements – RBCs, WBCs, platelets

23. Review Questions 4. Where are blood cells manufactured?
Red bone marrow
5. Name three kinds of hemopoietic growth factors.
Erythopoietin (EPO)
Thrombopoietin
Cytokines
6. What are the main functions of a RBC?
Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin

24. Review Questions 7. What is erythropoiesis?
Formation of RBC from pluripotent stem cells  myeloid stem cells
8. Which parts of hemoglobin are recycled and reused?
Amino acids  protein synthesis
Iron (Fe3+)  stored / used for new RBC formation
9. Which WBCs are agranular?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
10. Which WBC is normally the most prevalent?
Neutrophils

25. Review Questions 11. List three platelet functions
Form platelet plug
Promote vascular spasm
Promote blood clotting (cascade)
12. What are the three steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting

26. Review Questions 13. What are the three main steps of blood clotting?
Formation of prothrombinase
Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin by prothrombinase
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by thrombin
14. Which antigen(s) and antibody(s) are found in type A blood?
Antigen  A
Antibody  anti-B