1. AVR Microcontrollers Prepared By: Disha Ruparelia (130810111004)
Pooja Patel ( )
Krupa Rajdev ( )
Misari Thakkar ( ) Guided By:
Rohit Sutariya ( ) Mihir Patel

2. Topics Introduction to AVRs AVR Architecture & Instruction Set
Focus on Atmega128 AVR
AVR Programming

3. Why Microcontroller?
Purpose ?

4. Microcontroller
Microcontrollers are important part of Embedded systems
To understand Structure & working of Microcontrollers
For Designing good Embedded system complete understanding of microcontrollers required

5. Microcontroller
Integrated chip that typically contains integrated CPU, memory (RAM ROM), I/O ports on a single Chip.
System on a single Chip
Designed to execute a specific task to control a single
system
Smaller & Specified (design cost)
Differs from Microprocessor
general-purpose chip
Used to design multi purpose computers or devices
Require Multiple chips to to handle various tasks

6. AVR Microcontroller AVR stand for? Advanced Virtual RISC,
the founders are Alf Egil Bogen Vegard Wollan RISC
AVR architecture was conceived by two students at Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH)[1] and further refined and developed at Atmel Norway, the Atmel company founded by the two chip architects.

7. AVR Microcontroller AVR Micro controllers is Family of
RISC Microcontrollers from Atmel.
There are multiple architectures
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

8. RISC Microcontroller Reduced Introduction Set Computer
Till 1980 Trend was to build increasingly complex CPUs with complex set of instructions like (CISC)
(RISC)
Instruction execute in single cycle
“Architecture which reduces the chip complexity by simpler processing instructions”.
RISC architecture CPUs capable of executing only a very limited (simple) set of instructions.

9. RISC Microcontroller CISC Approach
Complete the task in few assembly line code
TASK multiply 2:3, 5:2 locations numbers
and put output in 5:2 location
Command: MULT 2:3, 5:2
MULT is what is known as a "complex instruction."
Instruction does`t complete in one cycle execution.
Processor hardware that is capable of understanding and executing a series of operations.

10. RISC Microcontroller RISC Approach
RISC processors only use simple instructions
that can be executed within one clock cycle.
"MULT" command divided into three separate commands:
LOAD A, 2:3 LOAD B, 5:2 PROD A, B STORE 2:3, A
Single Cycle Execution

11. RISC Microcontroller Reduced Instruction Set Computers Advantages
Fast Execution of Instructions due to simple instructions for CPU.
RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them cheaper to design and produce.
Emphasis on software
Single-clock,reduced instruction only
Register to register: “LOAD" and "STORE“
are independent instructions
Spends more transistors on memory registers

12. AVR Microcontroller Harvard Architecture von Neumann architecture
The AVR is a Harvard architecture CPU.
Harvard Architecture
Computer architectures that used physically separate storage and signal pathways for their instructions and data.
CPU can read both an instruction and data from memory at the same time that makes it faster.
von Neumann architecture
CPU can Read an instruction or data from/to the memory.
Read, Write can`t occur at the same time due to same memory and signal pathway for data and instructions.

13. AVR Microcontroller
Harvard Architecture
Harvard Architecture diagram

14. AVR Microcontroller
A series of 8-bit RISC microcontrollers from Atmel.
All AVR microcontrollers share same instruction set and a basic CPU (Harvard) architecture.
It has 32 8-Bit general purpose registers.
Mostly instruction Execute in Single clock cycle. Which makes it faster among 8 bit microcontrollers.
AVR was designed for efficient execution of compiled C code.

15. AVR AT90S2313 Microcontrollers
This is a microcontroller of AVR series from Atmel.
High-performance and Low-power RISC Architecture
It is a low voltage (2.7V - 6V),
high performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller based on the AVR RISC architecture that already discussed .
Since it is a microcontroller from AVR series ,it is also using
Harvard Architecture that already discussed

16. AVR Microcontroller
AVR is a family of 8-bit microntrollers with a large range of variants differing in:
- size of program-memory (flash) - size of EEPROM memory - number of I/O pins - number of on-chip features such as uart and adc
Smallest microconroller is the ATTiny11 with 1k flash ROM, no RAM and 6 I/O pins.
Large such as the ATMEGA128 with 128k flash, 4KB RAM,
53 I/O pins and lots of on-chip features.

17. AVR Microcontroller