1. Cities and Civilizations
AP World History A
Warm Up: Look at the map below. 1. Describe, on the back of your video notes handout, where the earliest farming villages began Why is this part of the world the logical place for farming to have begun?
Check the write board for your seating assignment.

3. Cities and Civilizations
Warm Up: Take 5 minutes to complete your River Valleys map and turn it in! Look at the map below. Does your map look like this one?
Check the write board for your seating assignment.
AP World History A

4. “Farmer Power” Guns, Germs and Steel
Answer the following questions on a PowerPoint slide. your slide to Mrs. Bradley at (Title your slide document: lastname5farmer)
BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY!!
What does Diamond say is the one main determining factor in which countries become rich and powerful?
How did the invention of agriculture lead to the rise of cities and civilizations?

5. Cities and Civilizations
Warm Up: 1.Take 10 minutes to complete SOAPPSTONES and VENN Diagram and turn them into the wire basket! Staple all three together and make sure your name and period number are on all three pages. 2. Next, write a definition for “Civilization” in YOUR OWN WORDS! (5 minutes)
Check the write board for your seating assignment.
AP World History A

6. Cities and Civilizations Seminar
We begin at about 8,000 BC
when village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the
Neolithic Revolution.
NEW STONE AGE

7. What is the REVOLUTION? A TOTALLY new way of living:
From
Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
Click on words and pictures for web links.

8. The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived.
Agriculture (Farming)
Growth of Cities
Division of Labor (Specialization)
Trade
Writing and Mathematics

9. GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river valley civilizations.
Click on the map for an interactive website map of the four earliest river valley civilizations.

10. CIVILIZATION Do not confuse with “good” or “superior”
Civilization as Advanced Culture
Population dependent on cities
From Latin civitas
Permanent institutions
Politics, Religion; ability to make war
Social, labor, gender divisions, inequality
Clearly defined sense of other: barbarian, nomad
Artisan, intellectual classes favoring technology
Form of record keeping, specifically writing
Do not confuse with “good” or “superior”
Paul Philps, 2007

11. ANCIENT HUMOR
Paul Philps, 2007

12. Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment
Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
No natural barriers
Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
Sumer
Flooding of the Nile predictable
Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
Deserts were natural barriers
Egypt
Indus Valley
Indus flooding unpredictable
Monsoon winds
Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
Huang He flooding unpredictable
Mountains, deserts natural barriers
Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
China

13. Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent
Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations
Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

14. Look at the map below. Define “Fertile Crescent
Look at the map below. Define “Fertile Crescent.” Use a complete sentence.

15. Define “Fertile Crescent”
A well-watered and fertile area,
the fertile crescent arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site of sophisticated settlements.

16. (Iraq) Greeks called the northern part of the Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers”
(Tigris River and Euphrates River)
The southern part of Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, originally Sumer.
Which country is Mesopotamia today?
(Iraq)

17. Sumer: The Ancient Middle East Video Notes
Where is Mesopotamia located?
Why did the Sumerians settle in Mesopotamia?
What is a city-state?
What is a ziggurat?
Name at least one invention of the Sumerians.

18. Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait) ca. 3500 to 3000 BC. (ca. = circa)
Sumer gave us the city-state.
Define: city-state
Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Each city state has its own government, even when it shares a culture with neighboring city states.

19. ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE Emergence of cities
Tended to emerge in hostile environments
Harsh environments required stronger organization
Cities were larger and more complex
Cities influenced life of large regions
Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia
Other hearths of urban civilization
Indus River Valley
Nile River Valley
River Valley of the Huang He
Coastal Jungles of Mexico

21. TIGRIS-EUPHRATES “Necessity is the mother of invention”
Sumer in Southern Iraq was first civilization
Cuneiform, sciences, math aided farming
Polytheistic religion
Religion was to appease gods, control nature
Art, architecture dedicated to gods, religion
Priests, later kings rule city-states
Land owning aristocracy dominate
Warlike society with slavery
Trade for needed materials
Paul Philps, 2007

22. Sumerian Writing: cuneiform
Click on the picture for more information about cuneiform.
Click here to write like a Babylonian.
Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

23. Sumerians invented: Brick technology Wheel
Base 60 – using the circle degrees
Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute
12 month lunar calendar
arch
ramp
ziggurat

24. Ziggurat – Holy Mountain
Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.

25. Babylon Define “rule of law”
Gave us the first know written law code and was the first civilization where the citizens live by the “Rule of Law”
Define “rule of law”
Government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.

26. Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC Hammurabi’s Code was this law code.
Hammurabi ruled the Babylonian Empire for 42 years. At the end of his long
reign, Hammurabi’s legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a stone tablet
in a Babylonian temple. The 282 laws of the Code of Hammurabi represent one of the earliest known legal systems.
For more information about Hammurabi’s Code, click here and on the picture.

27. “If a man stole the property of church or state, that man shall be put to death; also the one who received the stolen goods from his hand shall be put to death.”
The laws governed such things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection for all members of Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise known as “an eye for an eye.”

28. EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” (Herodotus)
Warm Up: Look at the map and answer the following question in your notes:
What did Herodotus mean when he said that Egypt is the “gift of the Nile?”
Nile River
Lower Nile
Eastern Desert
Sahara Desert
Upper Nile
Because of the geography of the area, without the Nile River, there would be no Egypt.

29. THE NILE RIVER Society very different from Sumer Achievements
Nile flooded regularly, predictably
Provided rich soil, Easy soil to farm
Civilization regulated flooding, surveying
Location isolated
Pharaoh was considered god-king
Theocracy, almost absolute
Built pyramid tombs for dead
Egypt unified for most of history
Achievements
Mathematics especially geometry; architecture
Sciences, Medicine
Art was both secular and sacred
Religion was positive, egalitarian in many ways
Paul Philps, 2007

30. Egyptians invented: Hieroglyphics Pyramids Geometry
Advances in medicine and surgery

31. Hieroglyphics
Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was indecipherable.
Hieroglyphics
Sacred Carving
No one could read these sacred carvings until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone.
Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.

32. Video: Write a short summary of the finding, translation, and importance of the Rosetta Stone.
For more information on the Rosetta Stone, log on to one of the following web sites. OR

33. Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper
Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper. It is created from reeds growing along the Nile River.
Papyrus

34. RELIGIONS OF THE NILE Polytheism Extremely complex pantheon of gods
Deification of nature
Extremely powerful, influential priesthood with great wealth
Conflict of good, evil
Humans judged for their actions
Cult of Osiris
Strong belief in afterlife, accountability for actions
Mummification was but one aspect of this
Regenerative cycle of Osiris/Ra-Re/Horus
Ahkenaton and Monotheism
Amenhotep believed there was only one God
Ended polytheism, opposed by priests; was assassinated
Nubian Beliefs
Adopted many Egyptian beliefs
Major focus on the sun and moon
Paul Philps, 2007

35. The Hebrews: Empire Builders of Another Kind - Religion
These words, the first of the Ten Commandments – set the Hebrews apart from all other people of the Fertile Crescent. Instead of worshipping many gods (polytheism) they prayed to one God (monotheism). The basis for their Code of Laws is known as “the Ten Commandments.” This is the root of Judaism.
“I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. You shall have no other gods before Me.”
Click here to explore an Iron Age Israelite house. Click on Exhibit.

36. Contributions of the Hebrews: Ethical Monotheism
Monotheism – belief in one God
Covenant – belief that they had made a binding agreement with God
Ethical Law Code – A law code sent by God himself based on personal morality: the Ten Commandments
Click here for links to a history of the Hebrews.

37. Contributions of the Hebrews: Ethical Monotheism
Video: Answer the following questions in your notes. Title these questions – “Hebrews Video”
Why did the Hebrews settle in Canaan?
What is the major contribution the Hebrews made to civilization?

38. Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC
Around 2600 B.C. the various regional cultures were united in what is called the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also commonly referred to as the Harappan culture after the town of Harappa (where it was first discovered.)
Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley civilizations

39. INDUS VALLEY Arose around 2,500 BCE
Mohenjo Daro, Harappa main cities
Independent city-states, strong government
Extremely well-planned, coordinated cities
Elaborate writing system (undeciphered)
Religion worshipped mother goddess
Little evidence of warfare until end
Devastated by environmental upheavals
Destroyed by Indo-European (Aryan) nomads
Paul Philps, 2007

40. HARAPPAN SOCIETY The Indus River Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas
Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile
Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley
Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E.
Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
Possibly served as twin capitals
Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary
Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings
Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks
Specialized labor and trade
Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals
Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.
Paul Philps, 2007

41. Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned cities and towns built on massive mud brick platforms that protected the inhabitants against seasonal floods.
In the larger cities the houses were built of baked brick while at smaller towns most houses were built of sun-dried mud brick.
Each city is laid out in a grid pattern and shows signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems.
Much writing has been found at these sites, but it has not yet been translated.

42. HUANG-HE (YELLOW) RIVER
Developed in isolation
Compare with ancient Egypt
Xia Dynasty (Mythical?)
God-like kings
Taught irrigation, sericulture
Shang Dynasty
Warlike kings, landed aristocracy; few priests
Most people worked land as peasants
Elaborate bronze workings; naturalistic art
Paul Philps, 2007

43. CHINESE WRITING Ideographic Elitist technique = scholar-bureaucrats
Writing denotes ideas
First used on Oracle Bones
Priests asked gods questions
Wrote questions on bones
Tossed into fire; cracks read by priests (divination)
Elitist technique = scholar-bureaucrats
Extremely difficult to read
Required well-educated class to use
Only elite had time to learn
Cuneiform, hieroglyphs had similar effects
Paul Philps, 2007

44. Shang China 1600 BC – 1122 BC
Lack of contact with foreigners helped give the Chinese a strong sense of identity and superiority. They regarded their land as the only civilized land and called it Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was at the center of the earth and the sole source of civilization.
Turn to the map on page 92. Note the geographic features which isolated China.

45. DYNASTIC CYCLE One ruling family replaces another Stages in Cycle
The Dynasty Changes
Due to the loss of the Mandate of Heaven
Stages in Cycle
New dynasty arises, takes control of China
Strengthens rule, reestablishes prosperity, peace
Weakens, becomes lazy, problems arise
Invasions, revolts toss out reigning dynasty
Shang replaces Xia, Zhou replaces Shang
Paul Philps, 2007

46. MANDATE OF HEAVEN Chinese political idea Indicators of a Lost Mandate
Rulers exercise power given by heaven
Rulers continue to rule if heaven pleased
Heaven will take back mandate to rule
Heaven will replace ruling dynasty
Indicators of a Lost Mandate
Wars, invasions, military disasters
Over-taxation, disgruntled peasants
Social, moral decline of elite classes
Increased crime, banditry
The European counterpart of the Chinese Mandate of Heaven was the Divine Right of Kings.
Paul Philps, 2007

47. HOW THE CYCLE AND MANDATE WORK TOGETHER
Paul Philps, 2007

48. The first true emperor of China, was Shi Huangdi.
Shi Huangdi’s most remarkable achievement was the Great Wall.
Click here for a panoramic tour of the Great Wall. Read the information under the pictures and send your teacher a postcard from one of the panoramic sites to show that you visited! Click on each picture here to see more information on Shi Huangdi and the Great Wall.

49. The Great Wall of China

50. HERITAGES First heritages passed on
Writing systems inherited
Intellectual systems, art copied
Religious, philosophical systems copied
Useful inventions rarely forgotten, easily spread
River valley civilizations decline by 1000BCE
All subject to nomadic invasions
Indo-Europeans and Semites were strongest
Geographical centers shifted (all except China)
Political Structures often not continued
Paul Philps, 2007

51. CIVILIZATION SPREADS Phoenician Sailors in Lebanon
City-states traded across Mediterranean
Invented alphabet
Lydians, Hittites in Asia Minor
Introduced Iron, coinage to area
Hebrews in Palestine
Large Semitic migration in area
Ethical monotheism
Conduct determines salvation
There is only one God speaking through prophets, priests
God made a covenant with the Jews, his Chosen people
Paul Philps, 2007

52. NOMADS: BARBARIANS? Pastoral herding on fringes Seen as savages
Interaction vs. conflict
Nomads traded, coexisted with settled areas
Nomads warred on, conquered settled areas
Often protected merchants, allowed trade
Prior to 1500 BCE little major threat
Chariot Peoples (Central Asian Indo-Europeans)
Domesticated horse, invented chariot, iron weapons
Pushed into SW Asia, S. Asia, E. Asia, Europe
Responsible for spread of ideas, trade
Paul Philps, 2007