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Inflorescences & Fruits
Spring 2011
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What is an inflorescence?
Harris & Harris = The flowering part of a plant; a flower cluster; the arrangement of flowers on the flowering axis Judd et al. = The shoot system which serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified accordingly
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Look for the flowering zone!
Fig from the text
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Fig from the text
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Determinate inflorescences Fig from the text
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Borago Begonia Physalis Eryngium Lithospermum umbel scorpioid cyme
terminal & solitary Lithospermum head helicoid cyme
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Indeterminate inflorescences Fig from the text
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Physostegia Many mints Aesculus Symplocarpus Koelreuteria Helianthus
raceme spike Symplocarpus Koelreuteria Helianthus spadix head panicle
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Maturation An inflorescence matures into an infructescence.
An ovary (simple or compound) matures into the fruit (but may include additional structures (e.g., hypanthium). A fertilized ovule matures into a seed.
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Ovary wall becomes the pericarp:
ENDOCARP – innermost layer MESOCARP - middle layer EXOCARP - outermost layer Each can be modified independently of the others (e.g., the endocarp can be stony, the mesocarp fleshy, and the exocarp leathery) pericarp
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exocarp mesocarp endocarp seed Avocado (Persea, Lauraceae)
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Fruit diversity Fig from the text
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Simple vs. multiple fruits
Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from a single flower Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
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Simple fruits: two types
“Simple” simple fruits = fruits developing from a single carpel or a compound ovary (2 or more fused carpels) (e.g., apple) Aggregate simple fruits = fruits developing from several separate carpels of a single gynoecium (e.g., blackberry)
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Dry Simple Fruits Dry at maturity Does fruit open (dehisce) or not?
(Dehiscent versus indehiscent) Number of carpels? Number of seeds? Are any wings present?
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Follicle: one suture opens
Asclepias (Milkweed, Apocynaceae)
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Legume: opens along 2 sutures
Bean Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
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Cruciferous Dry Fruits
Silique Silicle Mustard Family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
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Capsule: a fruit formed from 2 or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds
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Loculicidal Capsule
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Septicidal Capsule
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Poricidal Capsule Papaver (Poppy, Papaveraceae)
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Indehiscent Dry Fruits
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Samara Acer (Sapindaceae)
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Achene: single-seeded, seed coat not fused to pericarp
Sunflower (Helianthus)
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Caryopsis: “Grains”; singled-seeded, seed coat fused to pericarp; unique to grasses
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Maize (Zea mays)
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Dry Indehiscent Fruits: Nuts
hard-shelled, one-seeded e.g., acorns (Quercus)
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Fleshy Fruits One or more layers of the pericarp
become fleshy; may be brightly colored. If the ovary is inferior, then the hypanthium may also be involved and it may be the conspicuously fleshy part of the fruit.
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Fleshy Fruits Berry – Entire pericarp fleshy or exocarp may be leathery, one to many seeds Drupe - Exocarp & mesocarp fleshy, endocarp hard Pome – Fleshy mesocarp; exocarp fused to hypanthium/receptacle (Rosaceae)
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Berry Capsicum (Solanaceae)
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Berry Tomato (Solanum)
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Berry (Pepo) Found in the Cucumber Family (Cucurbitaceae)
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Berry (hesperidium) Found in the citrus family (Rutaceae)
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Drupe Prunus
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Drupe - Coconut Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae)
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Pome Malus (apple)
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Aggregate Fruit Rubus (Rosaceae)
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Multiple Fruit - Pineapple
Ananas (Bromeliaceae)
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Multiple Fruit: Syconium (Fig)
Ficus (Moraceae)
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Accessory fruits Fruit or cluster of fruits in which structures
in addition to the matured gynoecium form a functional part of the fruit. Simple accessory fruit: e.g., strawberry Multiple accessory fruit: e.g., pineapple
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Accessory “Fruit” – Aggregate of Achenes
Fragaria (strawberry)
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