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Inflorescences & Fruits

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Presentation on theme: "Inflorescences & Fruits"— Presentation transcript:

1 Inflorescences & Fruits
Spring 2011

2 What is an inflorescence?
Harris & Harris = The flowering part of a plant; a flower cluster; the arrangement of flowers on the flowering axis Judd et al. = The shoot system which serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified accordingly

3 Look for the flowering zone!
Fig from the text

4 Fig from the text

5 Determinate inflorescences Fig from the text

6 Borago Begonia Physalis Eryngium Lithospermum umbel scorpioid cyme
terminal & solitary Lithospermum head helicoid cyme

7 Indeterminate inflorescences Fig from the text

8 Physostegia Many mints Aesculus Symplocarpus Koelreuteria Helianthus
raceme spike Symplocarpus Koelreuteria Helianthus spadix head panicle

9 Maturation An inflorescence matures into an infructescence.
An ovary (simple or compound) matures into the fruit (but may include additional structures (e.g., hypanthium). A fertilized ovule matures into a seed.

10 Ovary wall becomes the pericarp:
ENDOCARP – innermost layer MESOCARP - middle layer EXOCARP - outermost layer Each can be modified independently of the others (e.g., the endocarp can be stony, the mesocarp fleshy, and the exocarp leathery) pericarp

11 exocarp mesocarp endocarp seed Avocado (Persea, Lauraceae)

12 Fruit diversity Fig from the text

13 Simple vs. multiple fruits
Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from a single flower Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers

14 Simple fruits: two types
“Simple” simple fruits = fruits developing from a single carpel or a compound ovary (2 or more fused carpels) (e.g., apple) Aggregate simple fruits = fruits developing from several separate carpels of a single gynoecium (e.g., blackberry)

15 Dry Simple Fruits Dry at maturity Does fruit open (dehisce) or not?
(Dehiscent versus indehiscent) Number of carpels? Number of seeds? Are any wings present?

16 Follicle: one suture opens
Asclepias (Milkweed, Apocynaceae)

17 Legume: opens along 2 sutures
Bean Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

18 Cruciferous Dry Fruits
Silique Silicle Mustard Family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

19 Capsule: a fruit formed from 2 or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds

20 Loculicidal Capsule

21 Septicidal Capsule

22 Poricidal Capsule Papaver (Poppy, Papaveraceae)

23 Indehiscent Dry Fruits

24 Samara Acer (Sapindaceae)

25 Achene: single-seeded, seed coat not fused to pericarp
Sunflower (Helianthus)

26 Caryopsis: “Grains”; singled-seeded, seed coat fused to pericarp; unique to grasses
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Maize (Zea mays)

27 Dry Indehiscent Fruits: Nuts
hard-shelled, one-seeded e.g., acorns (Quercus)

28 Fleshy Fruits One or more layers of the pericarp
become fleshy; may be brightly colored. If the ovary is inferior, then the hypanthium may also be involved and it may be the conspicuously fleshy part of the fruit.

29 Fleshy Fruits Berry – Entire pericarp fleshy or exocarp may be leathery, one to many seeds Drupe - Exocarp & mesocarp fleshy, endocarp hard Pome – Fleshy mesocarp; exocarp fused to hypanthium/receptacle (Rosaceae)

30 Berry Capsicum (Solanaceae)

31 Berry Tomato (Solanum)

32 Berry (Pepo) Found in the Cucumber Family (Cucurbitaceae)

33 Berry (hesperidium) Found in the citrus family (Rutaceae)

34 Drupe Prunus

35 Drupe - Coconut Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae)

36 Pome Malus (apple)

37 Aggregate Fruit Rubus (Rosaceae)

38 Multiple Fruit - Pineapple
Ananas (Bromeliaceae)

39 Multiple Fruit: Syconium (Fig)
Ficus (Moraceae)

40 Accessory fruits Fruit or cluster of fruits in which structures
in addition to the matured gynoecium form a functional part of the fruit. Simple accessory fruit: e.g., strawberry Multiple accessory fruit: e.g., pineapple

41 Accessory “Fruit” – Aggregate of Achenes
Fragaria (strawberry)


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