1. Doing business in selected countries & regions

2. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions
Doing Business in China
The Chinese place values and principles above money and expediency.
Business meetings typically start with pleasantries such as tea and general conversation about the guest’s trip to the country, local accommodations, and family.
The Chinese host will give the appropriate indication for when a meeting is to begin and when the meeting is over.
Once the Chinese decide who and what is best, they tend to stick with these decisions. Although slow in formulating a plan of action, once they get started, they make fairly good progress.

3. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: China
In negotiations, reciprocity (exchange) is important. If the Chinese give concessions (something granted), they expect some in return.
Because negotiating can involve a loss of face, it is common to find Chinese carrying out the whole process through intermediaries.
During negotiations, it is important not to show excessive emotion of any kind. Anger or frustration is viewed as antisocial and unseemly.
Negotiations should be viewed with a long-term perspective. Those who will do best are the ones who realize they are investing in a long-term relationship.

4. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions
Doing Business in Russia
Build personal relationships with partners. When there are contract disputes, there is little protection for the aggrieved party because of the time and effort needed to legally enforce the agreement.
Use local consultants. Because the rules of business have changed so much in recent years, it pays to have a local Russian consultant working with the company.
Ethical behavior in the United States is not always the same as in Russia. For example, it is traditional in Russia to give gifts to those with whom one wants to transact business.
Be patient. In order to get something done in Russia, it often takes months of waiting.

5. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: Russia
Russians like exclusive arrangements and often negotiate with just one firm at a time.
Russians like to do business face-to-face. So when they receive letters or faxes, they often put them on their desk but do not respond to them.
Keep financial information personal. Russians wait until they know their partner well enough to feel comfortable before sharing financial data.
Research the company. In dealing effectively with Russian partners, it is helpful to get information about this company, its management hierarchy, and how it typically does business.

6. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: Russia
Stress mutual gain. The Western idea of “win–win” in negotiations also works well in Russia.
Clarify terminology. The language of business is just getting transplanted in Russia so double-check and make sure that the other party clearly understands the proposal, knows what is expected and when, and is agreeable to the deal.
Be careful about compromising or settling things too quickly because this is often seen as a sign of weakness.
Russians view contracts as binding only if they continue to be mutually beneficial, so continually show them the benefits associated with sticking to the deal.

7. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions
Doing business in India
It is important to be on time for meetings.
Personal questions should not be asked unless the other individual is a friend or close associate.
Titles are important, so people who are doctors or professors should be addressed accordingly.
Public displays of affection are considered to be inappropriate, so one should refrain from backslapping or touching others.

8. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: India
Beckoning (calling) is done with the palm turned down; pointing often is done with the chin .
When eating or accepting things, use the right hand because the left is considered to be unclean.
The namaste gesture can be used to greet people; it also is used to convey other messages, including a signal that one has had enough food.
Bargaining for goods and services is common; this contrasts with Western traditions, where bargaining might be considered rude or abrasive.

9. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions
Doing business in France
When shaking hands with a French person, use a quick shake with some pressure in the grip.
It is extremely important to be on time for meetings and social occasions. Being “fashionably late” is frowned on.
During a meal, it is acceptable to engage in pleasant conversation, but personal questions and the subject of money are never brought up.
Visiting businesspeople should try very hard to be cultured and sophisticated.

10. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: France
The French tend to be suspicious of early friendliness in the discussion and dislike first names, taking off jackets, or disclosure of personal or family details.
In negotiations the French try to find out what all of the other side’s aims and demands are at the beginning, but they reveal their own hand only late in the negotiations.
The French do not like being rushed into making a decision, and they rarely make important decisions inside the meeting.
The French tend to be very precise and logical in their approach to things, and will often not make concessions in negotiations unless their logic has been defeated.

11. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions
Doing business in Arab countries
It is important never to display feelings of superiority, because this makes the other party feel inferior. Let one’s action speak for itself and not brag or put on a show of self-importance.
One should not take credit for joint efforts. A great deal of what is accomplished is a result of group work, and to indicate that one accomplished something alone is a mistake.
Much of what gets done is a result of going through administrative channels in the country. It often is difficult to sidestep a lot of this red tape, and efforts to do so can be regarded as disrespect for legal and governmental institutions.

12. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: Arab Countries
Connections are extremely important in conducting business.
Patience is critical to the success of business transactions. This time consideration should be built into all negotiations.
Important decisions usually are made in person, not by correspondence or telephone. This is why an MNC’s personal presence often is a prerequisite for success in the Arab world. Additionally, while there may be many people who provide input on the final decision, the ultimate power rests with the person at the top, and this individual will rely heavily on personal impressions, trust, and rapport.

13. Cultural Differences in Selected Countries and Regions: Malaysia
When scheduling business meetings in Malaysia one must take into consideration the importance of prayer times in this predominantly Muslim country. Fridays are a particularly religious day of the week and if possible meetings should not be scheduled for this time.
Attitude to punctuality varies according to which nationality you are doing business with. The Chinese for example expect punctuality, whereas both ethnic Malays and Indian business people have a more relaxed attitude towards time. As a general rule, you will be expected to be punctual; therefore it is advised to arrive to business appointments on time.

14. If your business in Malaysia requires interaction with Malaysian government officials, ensure that all communication takes place in the language of Bahasa Malaysia. The majority of transactions and correspondence with Malaysian companies however, will generally be conducted in English.
Regardless of the size or nature of the company, hierarchy is an integral part of Malaysian business culture. Malaysian companies generally follow a vertical hierarchical structure where authority is directed from the top.

15. In keeping with Malaysian culture, titles and job descriptions play a significant part in many Malaysian companies. They are important for employees in order to emphasize the line of authority within the business.
Gifts are not usually exchanged as they may be perceived as a bribe. However, in the event that you are presented with a gift, it is customary to accept it with both hands and wait until you have left your Malaysian colleagues before opening it. Be sure to reciprocate with a gift of equal value in order to avoid loss of face.

16. When meeting your Malaysian counterparts for the first time, a firm handshake is the standard form of greeting. However, you should only shake hands with a Malaysian businesswoman if she initiates the gesture. Otherwise a nod or a single bow is appropriate.
With such an array of cultures in Malaysia addressing Malaysians properly can be difficult. It is advised to find out in advance how you should address the person you are to meet. Generally speaking, a Malay’s first name is individually given, while the second and third name indicate those of the father and the grandfather. In some cases the words “bin” (son) or “binti” (daughter) can be added after the given name.

17. Business cards are customarily exchanged after an initial introduction in Malaysia. Since a large proportion of Malaysian business people are Chinese, it will be useful if your card is printed in both English and Chinese and that details of your education, professional qualifications, and business title are included. Cards should be presented and received with both hands, and time should always be spent examining the information before placing it on the table or in a briefcase.