1. VALVES
CONTREN Series #

2. 1.0.0 Introduction
Valves are devices that control the flow of fluids or gases through a piping system.
Valves are made of a wide variety of materials for compatibility to the fluid flowing through it.

3. 2.0.0 Valves That Start and Stop Flow
These valves are designed to be operated completely open or completely closed.
These valves cannot be used effectively to throttle, or regulate, flow.
Gate Valve
Knife Valve
Ball Valve
Plug Valve
Three-Way Valve

4. 2.1.0 Gate Valve
Turning the hand-wheel lifts or lowers the disc (gate).
A partially opened gate causes turbulence.
This turbulence not only causes piping damage (water hammer), it also wears the disc and seat surfaces.

5. 2.1.0 Gate Valve – Solid Wedge
Most common used: a single, solid disc that is rugged and simple.

6. 2.1.0 Gate Valve – Flexible Wedge
A one-piece disc with a cut or groove around the edge to compensate for irregular sealing edges.

7. 2.1.0 Gate Valve – Split Wedge
Self-adjusting and self-aligning discs.

8. 2.1.0 Gate Valve – Double (Parallel) Disc
Prevents valve binding due to thermal transients.

9. 2.1.1 Valve Stem Connects the hand-wheel to the gate. Rising stem
Hand-wheel and stem rising when opening
Non-rising stem
Hand-wheel and stem do not rise while opening
Outside screw-&-yoke (OS&Y)
Stem rises through the hand-wheel while opening
Stem does not contact the fluid;
therefore, the OS&Y is suitable for corrosive fluids

10. 2.1.1 Valve Stem
OS&Y Stem
Rising Stem
Non-Rising Stem

11. 2.2.0 Knife Gate Valve Gate is thin with tapered edge on the bottom
Suited for slurry, pulp, waste, and low-pressure applications

12. 2.3.0 Ball Valve
Gate is a ball with a hole for flow through it matching the pipe size

13. 2.4.0 Plug Valve Similar to the ball valve,
It is a ¼-turn start-stop valve.
Sealant is plug shaped.

14. 2.5.0 Three-Way Valve
A multi-port plug valve installed at the intersection of 3 lines.

15. 3.0.0 Valves That Regulate Flow
These valves can not only start and stop flow, they can regulate flow.
The disc can be totally removed from the flow.
The most common types are:
Globe Valve
Butterfly Valve
Diaphragm Valve

16. 3.1.0 Globe Valve Valve movement is perpendicular to the seat.
Basic types:
Angle
Y-type
Needle

17. 3.1.0 Angle Valve A globe valve that changes the direction of flow.
Usually, the ports are at 90-degrees to each other.
These are commonly used to replace valve and elbow combinations.

18. 3.1.0 Y-Type Valve Has the straight-through flow of a gate valve.
Has the throttling and flow control of a globe.

19. 3.1.0 Needle Valve
Commonly used for precise flow control of instrumentation applications.
Not commonly available over 1” in size.

20. 3.2.0 Butterfly Valve
Has a round disc that turns 90 degrees to mate with the seat.
Used in low-to-medium pressures and flows.

21. 3.2.1 Wafer Valve
Butterfly valve that sandwiches between two flanges.

22. 3.2.2 Wafer Lug Valve
Butterfly valve that sandwiches between two flanges and has lugs to match the bolt holes of the flange.

23. 3.2.3 Two-Flange Valve
The body has a flange cast on both sides.

24. 3.3.0 Diaphragm Valve
Sealing disc is flexible and seals against the body.
Suitable for slurries, highly corrosive materials, and materials that cannot be contaminated.

25. 3.4.0 Needle Valve
Has a tapered needle instead of a disc to allow for fine adjustment to the flow.

26. 4.0.0 Valves That Relieve Pressure
Used to control pressure, not flow.
Two basic types are:
Safety Valve
Pressure Relief Valve

27. 4.1.0 Safety Valve
Used in pipelines and tanks to prevent ruptures due to excess pressure.
Pneumatic
Hydraulic (Sectional View)
Water

28. 4.2.0 Pressure Relief Valve
In-line valve to control a specified pressure in the liquid circuit.
These usually have the pressure set at the factory.

29. 5.0.0 Valves That Regulate Direction of Flow
These valves prevent backflow and are referred to as “check valves”.
Common types are:
Swing
Lift
Ball
Butterfly
Foot

30. 5.1.0 Swing Check Valve
Uses a hinged disc as the sealing member.

31. 5.2.0 Lift Check Valve
A one-way-flow check valve that functions like a globe valve.

32. 5.3.0 Ball Check Valve
Much like a lift check except that it uses a ball instead of a disc for sealing.

33. 5.4.0 Butterfly Check Valve
Two disc hinged in the middle.

34. 5.5.0 Foot Valve
Used at the bottom of a suction line to maintain the prime of the pump.

35. 6.0.0 Valve Actuators Two primary purposes of valve actuators:
Provide automatic operation of the valve,
Reduce the effort required to manually operate the valve.
Four basic types of actuators:
Gear
Chain
Pneumatic or Hydraulic
Motor Driven, Electric or Pneumatic.

36. 6.1.0 Gear Actuators
Reduces the effort required to manually operate the valve.
Three basic types:
Spur Gear,
Bevel Gear,
Worm Gear.

37. 6.1.1 Spur Gear Actuator
Valve stem and driver shaft are parallel.

38. 6.1.2 Bevel Gear Actuator
Valve stem and driver shaft are 90 degrees to each other and the gears are cone-shaped.

39. 6.1.3 Worm Gear Actuator
Valve stem and driver shaft are 90 degrees to each other. The driver gear (worm) looks like a screw.
Used primarily with butterfly valves.

40. 6.2.0 Chain Actuators
Reduces the effort required to manually operate the valve.
Applicable where the valve is not easily accessible; such as, too high to reach.

41. 6.3.0 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators
Uses fluid or air pressure to actuate the valve.
Most of these are spring-loaded to ensure that the valve fails in a fail-safe position.

42. 6.4.0 Electric- or Air-Motor Driven Actuators
Uses motors to actuate the valve.
Motor can be either electrical or pneumatic.

43. 6.5.0 Control Valves
Variations of the angle, globe, or ball valves that are controlled by pneumatic, electronic, or hydraulic actuators.
Most commonly used for pressure or temperature control.

44. 7.0.0 Storing and Handling Valves
Regardless of the size of the valve, the internal seats, valves, and springs are precision machined and must be handled carefully to avoid damage.

45. 7.1.0 Safety Considerations
When handling and/or working around valves:
Be aware of all pinch points,
Do not stand under a load,
Be aware of surroundings,
Never operate a valve in a live system without authorization,
Use a spud wrench, not your finger, to align flange bolt holes.
Never stand in front of a safety relief valve discharge.

46. 7.2.0 Storing Valves Label all valves.
Never store valves on the ground.
Cover all open ends with ‘end protectors’.

47. 7.3.0 Rigging Valves Protect all threads and ends.
Use the proper rigging equipment.
Connect rigging to body only, not the stem, handle, or through openings.
Use a tag line, especially for larger valves.

48. 8.0.0 Installing Valves
Best working height for manual actuator is between 2’0” and 4’6” from floor.
Follow schematics exactly.
Direction of flow.
Stem position.
(vertical up works best, horizontal is acceptable, never position stem vertical down.)

49. 9.0.0 Valve Selection, Types, and Applications
Valves can be used in many different applications.
Valve selection is important; therefore, follow design requirements exactly at installation.

50. 9.1.0 Valve Selection Important factors: Temperature. Pressure.
Pipe size.
Fluid chemistry.
Valve function.

51. 10.0.0 Valve Markings and Nameplate Information
Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS):
Developed standards for valve markings.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI):
American Society for Testing Materials International (ASTM):
Both have adopted the MSS marking system.

52. 10.0.0 Valve Markings and Nameplate Information
Bridgewall markings (globe valves):
Indicates how the valve seat is angled in relation to the inlet and outlet ports.
Flow direction arrow:
Proper direction of fluid flow.

53. 10.1.0 Rating Designation Pressure and temperature rating.
Fluid types and other pertinent data.

54. Trim Identification
Identifies the material of the seat, disc, stem, and other internal parts if they are different from the body of the valve.

55. Size Designation
Indicates the numerical identification associated with the pipe size of the connecting ends.

56. Thread Markings
Identifies the size and type of threads for valves that have threaded connections.

57. 10.5.0 Valve Schematic Symbols
Valves are shown on schematics by symbols.