1. Classification & Evolution
Power Hour

2. Learning Targets
I can list the 6 kingdoms of life and provide characteristics of each.
I can use a classification key to identify organisms based on internal and external features.
I can provide evidence of how evolution explains the diversity of species on Earth today.
I can give examples of physical and behavioral adaptations that result in better survival and reproduction during an environmental change, and predict which organisms will most likely go extinct (Natural Selection).
I can infer how closely related two species are based on anatomical features, cell structures, patterns of development, and genetics.

3. Why Classification? Helps in naming organisms
Aids in grouping organisms
Makes it easier to see connections between organisms
Shows evolutionary relationships

4. Dichotomous key: a tool used to identify organisms using a list of observable traits.
Greek for cutting into 2 parts
Groupings based on similar features

5. Dichotomous Key Example:
Has pointed ears go to 3
Has rounded ears go to 2
2. Has no tail Kentuckyus
Has tail Dakotus
3. Ears point upward go to 5
Ears point downward go to 4
4. Engages in waving behavior Dallus
Has hairy tufts on ears Californius

6. From a dichotomous key you should be able to:
Determine physical characteristics that are used to identify a species. Example: shape of ears or presence of tail
Identify an organism from other similar organisms.

7. Kingdoms of Life
All living things are divide into 6 kingdoms based on:
If they have their DNA in a nucleus
If they are multi- or single-celled
How they get their energy/food
How they move (or don’t move)

8. Kingdoms of Life Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
*Prokaryote – No nucleus, very simple cells
*Eukaryote – DNA in a nucleus, more complex cell organelles

9. Prokaryotes
Archaebacteria: single-celled, live in extreme environments. Examples: deep sea vents, hot springs Eubacteria: single-celled, live everywhere, even in YOU. Examples: E. Coli, Bacillus anthracis; Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum

10. Eukaryotes
PROTISTS: Mostly single celled, immobile or can move by cilia, flagella Examples: Paramecium, Ameoba, Volvox

11. Eukaryotes
FUNGI: mostly multi-celled, except yeasts and molds. Are Decomposers: they get their energy from decomposing matter Examples: Crimini mushrooms, portabello, shitake, Amanita, athletes foot, bread yeast

12. Eukaryotes
PLANTS : Multi-celled, Autotrophs – use the chloroplasts in their cells to get their energy by making their own food from the sun; and immobile. Examples: trees, shrubs, ferns, conifers, grass, flowers, etc.

13. Eukaryotes
ANIMALS – multi-cellular, Heterotrophic – they get their energy/food by ingesting other organisms, move independently.

14. Evolution
Lamarckian Evolution – acquired traits are passed on to offspring. This theory is disproven. Darwinian Evolution – organisms born with advantageous traits or adaptations will be more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits.
Charles Darwin
Jean Baptiste Lamarck

15. Evolution
Animals cannot evolve or become better adapted to its environment during its lifetime.
Evolution is the change that occurs over time in the hereditary traits of a species
It is an ongoing process, occurring in organisms today.

16. Natural Selection
Genetic Variation in a species The environment selects which traits are adaptations, and which traits are harmful. Those with adaptations live longer and reproduce more, passing on their genes & traits. Green beetles disappear, brown beetles become more common.

17. VARIATION
Differences within a species, and are genetic; in the DNA they are born with. DNA is the source of all variations.
Mutations are the source of variations, and origins of new species.
An adaptation is any variation in a trait that makes an organisms better suited to its environment.
In a new environment, old harmful mutations can become adaptations.
Example: Battle of the beaks, Darwin’s Finches, Peppered Moths

19. What is the science behind this theory?
Fossils—any remains of life from an earlier time and the most abundant evidence for evolution

21. How do scientists figure out how old fossils are?
Relative dating – looking at where the rock is located.
Older layers are deeper than the layers above. This method only provides an estimated age of a fossil. Stratigraphy
Carbon dating is more precise.

22. 2) Homologous Structures —body parts that are similar in origin and structure. Example: arms, dolphin fin, bat wing, bird wing

24. 3) Vestigial Structures —a body part that is reduced in size and does not seem to have a function. Examples: human appendix, wisdom teeth and muscles that are for moving the ears; pelvis bones in whales.

25. 4) Embryology —study of the development of embryos (an organism in its earliest stages of development). Examples: gills and tailbones in humans
               

26. What similarities do you see between these embryos?

27. 5) Biochemical & DNA Comparing DNA —the closer the DNA sequences are in organisms, the more closely related they are. Example: DNA has shown that dogs are the closest relatives of bears. Human’s closest relatives are from the ape family.
Cousins?

28. Example: Humans are most closely related (99.9%) to chimpanzees.

29. Thank you for coming. The test will be on Friday, March 28th.
Any Questions?
Thank you for coming. The test will be on Friday, March 28th.