1. Two Fundamentally Different Cell Architectures:
Two Types of Cells
Two Fundamentally Different Cell Architectures:
2) A eukaryotic cell
1) A prokaryotic cell

2. Prokaryotic cells
have no nucleus or organelles enclosed within membranes.
All species in the domains Archaea and Eubacteria have prokaryotic cells.

3. Eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus and organelles that are surrounded by membranes.
Each organelle does a specific cell function.
All species in the Eukaryota domain (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) have eukaryotic cells. Individual protists have only one cell, while plants and animals can have trillions of cells.

4. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

5. Size comparison??

6. PROKARYOTES vs. EUKARYOTES: Differences
(Location)

7. Similarities: Common Features of ALL CELLS!

8. An idealized animal cell.

9. A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles).

10. What Do Those Parts
Do?

11. Shapes of Prokaryotes Cocci = spherical (round)
Bacillus = (rod shaped)
Spirilla = helical (spiral)

12. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Plasma Membrane
1. Regulates passage of materials into and out of cell
2. Cell-Cell Recognition

13. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Cell Wall
(protists, fungi, plants)
Controls cell shape, protects, supports

14. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Nucleus
Carrier of genetic material
DNA + protein = chromatin
2. Governs cell activities
3. Directs cell reproduction
Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope
Contains nucleolus—produces ribosomes which synthesize proteins

15. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
SER
RER
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Associated ribosomes produce proteins
Prepares proteins for export
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Lipid Synthesis
Drug detoxification
Transport of proteins from RER

16. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Golgi Apparatus
Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ER

17. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles

18. Endomembrane System Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vesicle
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Vesicle
Vesicle
Plasma
Membrane

19. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function
Peroxisome
Removes harmful oxidants from cells

20. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function
Mitochondrion
Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP

21. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function
Chloroplast (protists, plants)
Photosynthesis: Uses light energy to produce organic molecules

22. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape
Anchors organelles and proteins
Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell types

23. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function
Centriole
Gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella

24. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Vacuole
Central vacuole (plants) stores waste, maintains turgidity.
Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance.
Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion.

25. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure
Function(s)
Cilia and Flagella
Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes
Cell movement in sperm, protists

26. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

27. Asexual reproduction
A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis or fertilization.
Asexual reproduction = one parent.
The primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and protists.
Many plants and fungi reproduce mostly asexually as well.

28. Sexual Reproduction
Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring.
Characterized by two processes:
meiosis, halving of the number of chromosomes
fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes
During meiosis, chromosomes usually cross over = genetic recombination.
Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants.

29. Binary Fission Asexual
Cell splits and replicated DNA goes with each part
Prokaryotes, Bacteria
+ Fast and easy
- Everybody has the same DNA

30. Bacterial Conjugation
Asexual,
A bacteria shoots out a tube and sends a piece of its DNA to another bacteria
Bacteria
+ Mixes DNA
- “Parent” loses a little piece of DNA

31. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Asexual
Body of parent breaks and produces offspring
Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarian
+ Easy
- Parent broken, same DNA
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.

32. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.
Moss

33. Budding Asexual Offspring grows out of parent Yeast, hydras
+ Fast, somewhat easy
- Same DNA

34. Pollination Sexual Pollen is delivered to female part of plant
Flowering plants
+ Plants don’t have to move, mixes DNA
- Need external source for pollination to take place; wind, bee, bat, butterfly etc.

35. Pollination

36. Sexual Reproduction Sexual
DNA from 2 individuals, egg and sperm cell fertilize.
Animals, Plants
+ Diverse DNA
- Takes a long time, 2 individuals needed

37. Sexual Reproduction

38. Crash course Take good notes Quiz after video – open notes