1. Bucket Review Early European capitalism:
Was thwarted by the revival of chaotic urban life
Saw a reduction in tariffs to promote economic interdependence
Depended on trade agreements among major nations
Promoted a move away from currencies fixed on precious metals
Allowed private investors to participate in large-scale economic projects
1. E

2. Bucket Review
What is a key difference between the British and French colonial settlements in the West Indies and those of the Spanish and Portuguese elsewhere in the Americas?
a. Spanish & Portuguese settlements developed a more complex social structure than that of the British and French settlements in the West Indies
b. British and French settlements relied far more on government involvement in the economy
c. The Spanish and Portuguese settlements depended on slave labor, while those of Britain and France allowed only indentured servitude
d. British and French settlements were more heavily influenced by indigenous peoples there
e. Spanish and Portuguese settlements caused much more physical damage than the environmentally friendly sugar plantations of the Caribbean
1. E 2. A

7. The Ottoman Empire
Ch. 19 (pp. 485 – 495)

8. Expansion and Frontiers
Ottomans grew from small kingdom in 1300s, to an enormous Muslim Empire
Encompassed parts of:
West Asia
North Africa
Eastern Europe

10. Expansion and Frontiers
Growth factors:
Shrewdness of Osman (founder) & his descendants
Control of the Dardanelles strait
Skilled army
Traditional cavalrymen
Use of guns
Christian prisoners of war

11. Central Institutions Led by dynastic sultans
Ex. Mehmed II, Selim the Grim & Suleiman the Magnificent
Succession became a problem as sultans often had family members murdered for fear of being overthrown
Government was a centralized absolute monarchy
Supported by Islamic scholars

12. Central Institutions Capital became Istanbul (once Constantinople)
Converted Hagia Sophia into a magnificent mosque

15. Central Institutions Patriarchal
Some lower class women participated in trade/small business
Women in elite classes were veiled and, in some cases, secluded in harems (along with African slaves)

16. Central Institutions Janissaries
Christian prisoners converted to Islam & used as soldiers
Chosen using the devshirme system
Levy of male children placed on Christian towns
System also used to train & educate political officials
Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, was common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources

17. Crisis of the Military State, 1585 - 1650
Rebellions arose in Anatolia for numerous reasons
Taxes, religious revolt, land-holding issues, etc.
Janissaries gained political power
Became hereditary
Devshirme system abolished
Ottoman Empire was using tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.

18. Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650 - 1750
Suleiman’s familial policies weakened the role of the sultan
Rebellions disrupted agriculture
Patrona Halil
Ottomans lost control of seaborne trade to Europeans
Became dependent on European cash crops (ex. tobacco)
State rivalries provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion
Ottoman-Safavid conflict
Egypt, Baghdad & other areas began to slip from control of the Ottomans