1. “Automated driving – What comes first: cars or standards?”
The Future Networked Car 2014
Geneva International Motor Show
Jack Pokrzywa
SAE International

2. Today’s (near) reality

3. Today’s (near) reality
In the US:
California, Florida, Nevada and D.C. jurisdictions are setting ground rules for self-driving cars on public roads.

4. Today’s (near) reality
No European legislation yet The Vienna Convention Article 8.5: ’Every driver shall at all times, be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals.’
In the US:
California, Florida, Nevada and D.C. jurisdictions are setting ground rules for self-driving cars on public roads.

5. Today’s (near) reality
No European legislation yet The Vienna Convention Article 8.5: ’Every driver shall at all times, be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals.’
Japan Revitalization Strategy:
"development of advanced highway safety systems (AHSS) and automated driving systems and improvement of the environment with these systems.
In the US:
California, Florida, Nevada and D.C. jurisdictions are setting ground rules for self-driving cars on public roads.

6. Today’s (near) reality
Is there foundation to move forward?
No European legislation yet The Vienna Convention Article 8.5: ’Every driver shall at all times, be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals.’
Japan Revitalization Strategy:
"development of advanced highway safety systems (AHSS) and automated driving systems and improvement of the environment with these systems.
China:
government plans to test autonomous vehicles on public road between Beijing and Tianjin, about 120km (75 miles) away.
In the US:
California, Florida, Nevada and D.C. jurisdictions are setting ground rules for self-driving cars on public roads.
Articles that touch the introduction of automation in vehicles are:
Article 8: Drivers
• ARTICLE 8.1: “Every moving vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver.”
• ARTICLE 8.5: “Every driver shall at all times be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals.”
Article 13: Speed and distance between vehicles
• ARTICLE 13.1: “Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manoeuvres required of him. He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay constant regard to the circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condition and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not good.”
• ARTICLE 13.5: “The driver of a vehicle moving behind another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front should suddenly slow down or stop.”

7. What standards are needed?
Sensors accuracy and reliability
Positioning systems accuracy and reliability
Vehicle <-> Cloud interfaces Driver Distraction
Electronic system reliability
HMI Privacy
Entire vehicle system interoperability
Powertrain system interoperability
V2V
Data Security
a question remains: What gets standardized, and what remains part of the branded experience controlled by manufacturers?
Future vehicle vs existing fleets

8. Current path (US)
Innovation/Research/Testing
Commercialization
Market acceptance
Standards
Legislation

9. Optimal path (US)
Innovation/Research/Testing
Commercialization
Market acceptance
Standards
Legislation

10. SAE On-Road Automated Vehicle Standards Committee
10 – global vehicle manufacturers 11 – global vehicle suppliers 28 – government regulating, agencies, research organizations, wireless providers
SAE J3018
“Safety Guidelines for the On-Road testing of Prototype Models of Fully Automated Vehicles” (in-progress)
SAE J3016
“Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems” (published, January 2014)

11. LEVELS OF DRIVING AUTOMATION FOR ON-ROAD VEHICLES - SAE J3016
Human Driver monitors the driving environment
SAE
Level
SAE Name
SAE Narrative Definition
Execution of
Steering/
Acceleration/
Deceleration
Monitoring of
Driving
Environment
Fallback
Performance of
Dynamic
Driving Task
System capability (driving modes)
BASt
NTHSA
Automated driving system (“system”) monitors the driving environment
No Automation
the full-time performance by the human driver of all aspects of the dynamic driving task
Driver only
Human Driver
Human Driver
Human Driver
N/A
Assisted 1
Driver
Assistance
the driving mode-specific execution by a driver
assistance system of either steering or
acceleration/deceleration
Human Driver and Systems
Human Driver
Human Driver
Some Driving Modes 1
Partially Automated
Part-time or driving mode-dependent execution by
one or more driver assistance systems of both steering and acceleration/deceleration. Human driver performs all other aspects of the dynamic driving task. 2
Partial Automation 2
System
Human Driver
Human Driver
Some Driving Modes
driving mode-specific performance by an
automated driving system of all aspects of the
dynamic driving task - human driver does respond appropriately to a request to intervene
Highly Automated 3
Conditional Automation
System
System
Human Driver
Some Driving Modes 3
BAsT - Federal Highway Research Institute (die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen)
4.4 DYNAMIC DRIVING TASK
All of the real-time functions required to operate a vehicle in on-road traffic, excluding the selection of destinations and
waypoints (i.e., navigation or route planning) and including without limitation:
 Object and event detection, recognition, and classification;
 Object and event response;
 Maneuver planning;
 Steering, turning, lane keeping, and lane changing;
 Acceleration and deceleration;
 Enhancing conspicuity (lighting, signaling and gesturing, etc.).
Level 3 - EXAMPLE: A vehicle equipped with an automated driving system capable of performing the complete dynamic driving task in low-speed traffic, such as in stop-and-go urban or freeway traffic.
Level 4 – EXAMPLES: A vehicle equipped with an automated driving system capable of performing the complete dynamic driving task during a valet parking operation (i.e., curb-to-door or vice versa) without any human agency or monitoring. (Note: The presence of a human driver in the vehicle during the parking maneuver is not required as a technical matter.)
Level 5 – EXAMPLES: A vehicle with an automated driving system that, once programmed with a destination, is capable of fully performing the dynamic driving task throughout complete trips on public roadways, regardless of the starting and end points or intervening road, traffic, and weather conditions.
driving mode-specific performance by an
automated driving system of all aspects of the
dynamic driving task - human driver does not respond appropriately to a request to intervene
Fully Automated 4
High Automation
System
System
System
Some Driving Modes
3/4
full-time performance by an automated driving
system of all aspects of the dynamic driving task
under all roadway and environmental conditions
that can be managed by a human driver 5
Full Automation
System
System
System
Some Driving Modes

12. Thank you. Jack Pokrzywa Director US TAG ISO TC22 Chairperson
Global Ground Vehicle Standards
SAE INTERNATIONAL
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