1. Tools of the Biologist

2. In the Lab…Safety First!
Be Prepared
Read the lab before you begin

3. Know the equipment

4. Wear proper clothing No open toe shoes.
Wear lab aprons when working with chemicals.

5. Be Cautious with Chemicals
Know the chemical you are using and how it should be handled.
If a chemical comes in contact with your skin, wash with soap immediately. Let your teacher know!

6. Use safety goggles when working with chemicals, heat or glass.
Know where the safety equipment is.

7. Lab Don’ts! Do Not: eat or drink in the lab
taste any chemicals or substances you are working with
use your mouth for pipetting substances
handle broken glass with bare hands
pour chemicals down the drain without permission
operate lab equipment without permission
perform your own experiments unless given permission
leave any heated materials unattended
place flammable substances near heat
engage in childish antics such as horseplay or pranks

8. Lab Equipment & Measurement

9. SI Units of Measure SI or International System of Units
Meters measure length
Liters measure volume of a liquid
Cubic meters measure volume of a solid
Grams measure mass
Degrees Celsius measure temperature

10. Everything is multiples of 10!

11. Less than one… Micro- (µ ): one millionth (0.000001)
Milli- (m): one thousandth (0.001)
Centi- (c): one one-hundredth (0.01)
Deci- (d): one-tenth (0.1)

12. More than One… Deka (da): ten (10) Hecto (h): one hundred (100)
Kilo (k): one thousand (1000)
Mega (M): one million (1,000,000)

13. To convert units kilo hecto deka one deci centi Milli
gram, meter or liter
To change one unit to another, move the decimal point the number of places and the direction of the unit you are changing to.
Example: 400 kilograms = ______________ grams?
Start with 400.
Move the decimal point three places to the right.
400 kilograms = 400,000grams.

14. To measure length
Metric ruler

15. To measure volume of a liquid
Meniscus
Graduated Cylinder
Beaker
Oops! Wrong one…
That’s the one

16. To measure mass
Electronic balance
Triple beam balance

17. From space to an oak tree, in metric units

18. Metric Measurement
Why Science Uses Metric

19. Microscopes Magnify images Compound light microscope
Dissecting microscope
Electron microscope

20. Compound light microscope
Uses multiple lenses to magnify image
Lenses in eyepiece and objectives
Determine total magnification by multiplying eyepiece times objective magnification

21. Dissecting microscope
Magnification of three-dimensional objects
Does not magnify to the extent of a compound microscope

22. Wolf spider, taken with a dissecting microscope

23. Wolf spider fang, taken with compound microscope

24. Electron Microscope
Uses a particle beam of electrons to magnify up to 2 million times
Ant magnified with scanning electron microscope

25. Measuring with a Microscope

26. What is the diameter of the field of view?
Under 40X magnification, place a ruler on the stage and measure the diameter of the field of view

27. Each line of the ruler represents one millimeter (mm) or 1000 µ.
The diameter of this field of view is 4 mm or 4,000 µ

28. Remove the ruler and place a slide on the stage.
Estimate the number of cells that can fit across the widest point of the field.
If the diameter of the field of view is 4 mm and 2 cells can fit across, then the diameter of one cell is 2 mm or 2000 µ (1 mm = 1000 µ)
4 mm 2 cells fit

29. INDICATORS
Chemicals that change color to show the completion of or to test for a particular reaction
Common indicators:
Starch indicator ( Iodine)- turns blue-black in the presence of starch
Methyl blue- stains cell parts so you can see them
pH paper- indicates whether a substance is an acid, a base or neutral

30. pH SCALE
pH scale

31. Ordering Life
Classification

32. Why do we classify things?
For easier study
There are millions of organisms on the earth; approximately 1.5 million have been already named)
Organisms are classified by their:
physical structure (how they look)
evolutionary relationships
embryonic similarities (embryos)
genetic similarities (DNA)
biochemical similarities

33. Broad to Specific

34. Broad to Specific

35. Broad to Specific

36. Broad to Specific

37. Broad to Specific

38. Broad to Specific

39. Broad to Specific

40. The 5 Kingdoms

43. Nomenclature a system for naming things
In biology there is a two-word system that is used to name organisms.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (a two named--naming system).
GENUS & SPECIES Ex: Humans are known as Homo sapiens

45. Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms
A series of either/or statements
Dichotomous means “divided into two parts”

47. Citations