1. A4. What is monopolistic competition?
B4. Describe any three features of monopolistic competition
C13. Explain Monopolistic Competition.

2. Monopolistic Competition
Monopolistic Competition refers to a market situation in which there are large numbers of firms which sell closely related but differentiated products. Markets of products like soap, toothpaste AC, etc. are examples of monopolistic competition.
Monopoly + Competition = Monopolistic Competition
Under monopolistic competition, each firm is the sole producer of a particular brand or “product”.
It enjoys ‘monopoly position’ as far as a particular brand is concerned.
However, since the various brands are close substitutes, its monopoly position is influenced due to stiff ‘competition’ from other firms.

3. Features or characteristics of Monopolistic Competition
1. Large Number of Sellers:
There are large numbers of firms selling closely related, but not homogeneous products. Each firm acts independently and has a limited share of the market. So, an individual firm has limited control over the market price. Large number of firms leads to competition in the market.
2. Product Differentiation:
Each firm is in a position to exercise some degree of monopoly (in spite of large number of sellers) through product differentiation. Product differentiation refers to differentiating the products on the basis of brand, size, colour, shape, etc. The product of a firm is close, but not perfect substitute of other firm.

4. Features / Characteristics
3. Selling costs:
Under monopolistic competition, products are differentiated and these differences are made known to the buyers through selling costs. Selling costs refer to the expenses incurred on marketing, sales promotion and adver­tisement of the product. Such costs are incurred to persuade the buyers to buy a particular brand of the product in preference to competitor’s brand. Due to this reason, selling costs constitute a substantial part of the total cost under monopolistic competition.
It must be noted that there are no selling costs in perfect competition as there is perfect knowledge among buyers and sellers. Similarly, under monopoly, selling costs are of small amount (only for informative purpose) as the firm does not face competition from any other firm.

5. Features / Characteristics
4. Freedom of Entry and Exit:
Under monopolistic competition, firms are free to enter into or exit from the industry at any time they wish. It ensures that there are neither abnormal profits nor any abnormal losses to a firm in the long run. However, it must be noted that entry under monopolistic competition is not as easy and free as under perfect competition.
5. Lack of Perfect Knowledge:
Buyers and sellers do not have perfect knowledge about the market conditions. Selling costs create artificial superiority in the minds of the consumers and it becomes very difficult for a consumer to evaluate different products available in the market. As a result, a particular product (although highly priced) is preferred by the consumers even if other less priced products are of same quality.
6. Pricing Decision:
A firm under monopolistic competition is neither a price- taker nor a price-maker. However, by producing a unique product or establishing a particular reputation, each firm has partial control over the price. The extent of power to control price depends upon how strongly the buyers are attached to his brand.

6. Features / Characteristics
7. Non-Price Competition:
In addition to price competition, non-price competition also exists under monopolistic competition. Non-Price Competition refers to competing with other firms by offering free gifts, making favourable credit terms, etc., without changing prices of their own products.
Firms under monopolistic competition compete in a number of ways to attract customers. They use both Price Competition (competing with other firms by reducing price of the product) and Non-Price Competition to promote their sales.

7. D7. Explain how prices are determined in Monopolistic competition.

8. Price Determination in shot run: Supernormal profits
At profit maximization, MC = MR, and output is Q and price P. Given that price (AR) is above ATC at Q, supernormal profits are possible (area PABC).
As new firms enter the market, demand for the existing firm’s products becomes more elastic and the demand curve shifts to the left, driving down price. Eventually, all super-normal profits are eroded away.

9. Price determination in long run : Normal profits
Super-normal profits attract in new entrants, which shifts the demand curve for existing firm to the left. New entrants continue until only normal profit is available. At this point, firms have reached their long run equilibrium.
Clearly, the firm benefits most when it is in its short run and will try to stay in the short run by innovating, and further product differentiation.

10. A5. What is selling costs?
A6. Write any two features of selling costs.
B17. What is Selling Cost?
C3. Explain the concepts selling costs in detail.

11. Selling Costs in monopolistic competition
“Selling costs are costs incurred in order to alter the position or shape of the demand curve for the product.” E.H. Chamberlin
“Selling costs may be defined as costs necessary to persuade a buyer to buy one product rather than another or to pay from one seller rather than another.” Meyers