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Ch. 10 – The Islamic World
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10.1 – The Rise of Islam
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Things to Keep in Mind Timeline Review – p. 260-1
Muslim World v. the World Southwest Asia (The Middle East) is bridge between Africa, Asia, & Europe Goods and Ideas were traded and shared across this land The Crossroads of the World
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Bedouins Nomadic people who lived in the Arabian Desert
Organized into groups and tribes (clans) Clans provided support and security Ideals: Courage Loyalty to family Great military skill Inherited by Islam
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Towns & Trade Towns arise near a water source or oasis
Early 600s – trade routes develop, providing a connection Routes ran through the Byzantine & Sassanid empires Merchants spread ideas and goods Development of the Silk Road
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The Silk Road
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Mecca Popular trade stop for caravans
Religious pilgrims come to visit the Ka’aba Place of worship for Abraham Eventually, place for 360+ idols Islam will develop because of connection with Judaism and Christianity
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Ka’aba
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Muhammad Born into a powerful family, but orphaned at 6
Trader & Business Manager – married his boss, Khadijah Believed he was a prophet of Allah Angel Gabriel & the cave Believed he was the last prophet Founded the Islamic faith – faith in one god
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Muhammad & The Hijrah People of Mecca threatened by Muhammad’s teachings Fear Mecca would lose its religious appeal Hijrah - Migration to Yathrib (Medina) Muhammad gains many supporters & displays political & military skills
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The Return to Mecca 630 – Muhammad & 10,000 men march on Mecca
Takes the city & destroys the idols of the Ka’aba Most pledge allegiance & convert to Islam Muhammad dies in 632 – great step toward unifying the Arabian Peninsula
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Islam: Beliefs & Practices
Teaches good & evil Individuals are responsible for their actions All must carry out the 5 Pillars – ensures living of religion All must perform a hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca Source of Authority – Allah Qur’an – religious book Muhammad’s revelations from Allah via Gabriel
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Other Beliefs & Expansion
Forbidden to eat pork Cannot drink intoxicating beverages Fridays afternoons = communal worship No central religious figure (Ulama – scholars) Qur’an & worship only in Arabic = unification Sunna – Muhammad’s life example = proper living Shari’a – regulates family life, moral conduct, community & business
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The Five Pillars of Islam
Faith – Testify: “There is no God, but Allah, & Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” Prayer – 5x/day toward Mecca – anywhere Alms – Give to the poor – special religious tax Fasting – Ramadan – fast during the day Spiritual needs are greater than physical needs Pilgrimage – all able must perform a hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once Similar clothing – all stand as one
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Links to Judaism & Christianity
View Allah as the Christian & Jewish god Jesus was a prophet, not the Son of God The Torah & the Gospels = the Qur’an The final book Heaven, Hell, & Judgment Day All trace ancestry to Abraham Stress religious toleration towards Christians & Jews (“People of the Book”)
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10.2 – Expansion of Islam
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Religion in crisis – No leader
Setting the Stage Muhammad dies in 632 Religion in crisis – No leader Is this a problem? If so, what issues might appear?
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Successors Muhammad had not named a successor
Following customs, Abu-Bakr becomes the 1st caliph (“successor” or “deputy”) “Rightly Guided” Caliphs – Umar, Uthman, & Ali – knew Muhammad Use the Qur’an & Muhammad’s teachings to lead = the Caliphate
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Initial Problems & Expansion
Tribes abandon Islam, refuse to pay taxes, & some declare themselves prophets Abu-Bakr invokes jihad (“striving”) Two Meanings By Abu-Bakr’s death in 634 – all of Arabia controlled Umar & Ali – fight the Byzantines and Sassanids expanding empire from the Atlantic to the Indus River
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Byzantine Empire – Greatest Extent
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650 AD 867 AD
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Reasons for Success These caliphs are successful because they follow Muhammad’s teachings Muslims view expansion as full support from Allah = fight to defend Islam Armies are disciplined & have great commanders Use the weaknesses of the Byzantines & Sassanids to expand Empires crumbling Harsh treatment of peoples Islam offers equality
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Conquered Peoples Qur’an forbids forced conversion
Conquered peoples allowed to practice their own religion Jews & Christians receive special considerations – why? Some restrictions: no spreading of religion, pay a special poll tax Could be officials, bureaucrats, & scholars
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Internal Conflict 656 – Uthman murdered = civil war
Ali (natural successor) is challenged by Muawiya of Syria Assassinated in 661 Elective system dies with him – why? Umayyads take control – move capital to Damascus Abandon simple life – surround themselves with wealth Will cause division – why?
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Sunni – Shi’a Split Majority of Muslims side with Umayyads
Minority resist – caliph needs to be a descendant of the Prophet Shi’a – “party” of Ali Ummayyads = Sunnis (Follow Muhammad’s example) Sufi – Life of poverty & devotion
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Change in Power 750 – Umayyads overthrown by the Abbasids
Murder remaining Umayyads Abd al-Rahman flees to Spain, sets up Umayyad caliphate Leads Berber army north until defeat at the Battle of Tours in 732 From state in al-Andalus in Southern Spain
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Abbasid Power 762 – move capital to Baghdad – consolidate power
Located on key trade & communication networks Strong bureaucracy – treasury, defense, & business departments Send diplomats to take care of affairs Tax land, imports, exports, & non-Muslim wealth to maintain rule
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Independent Rivals Abbasid power was strong, but rivals spring up
Independent states dominate small regions all across their land The Fatimid - descendents of Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter) – North Africa Trade, religion, & language connect them to the Abbasids
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Trade Networks Sea Trade: Red & Mediterranean Seas = trade with the rest of the world Land Trade: Silk Road – China – Middle East – Europe & Africa Only one language & one currency – Today? Banks set-up with credit (sakks) – European origin? Cities explode & become centers for the arts, science, & achievements
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The Silk Road
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Trade Networks
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10.3 – Muslim Culture
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Abbasid Rule Rule was prosperous for the Islamic religion
Riches are pulled in from Europe, Asia, & Africa Build great cities and support advancements in math, art, and science Preserve & Advance Knowledge Blending of international cultures
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Muslim Cities Damascus – Cultural Center of Islam
Impressive Cities of the Caliphate – Cordoba, Cairo, & Jerusalem Baghdad (capital) – lavish palaces, defenses, and marketplace Peeked at ~1 million!!!
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Damascus
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Four Social Classes 1st Class – Muslims at Birth
2nd Class – Converts to Islam 3rd Class – “Protected People” Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians 4th Class – Slaves POWs, non-Muslims
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Role of Women Qur’an: Men & Women are equal, but submit to men
What? Given rights under the shari’a for marriage, family, & property Originally, women could advance based on their husband’s status Time passes, women are isolated and veiled in public
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Scholarship & Knowledge
Push for knowledge was great (science, math, astronomy) Muhammad – p. 274 Push for advancements, translate scientific & philosophical texts Early 800s – House of Wisdom – library/academy for translation of ancient texts into Arabic.
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Literature & Art Strong roots in Arabia with the Bedouins
The Qur’an was the gold standard Adapt artistic traditions of conquered areas to suit Islamic beliefs Discourage images of living things Use calligraphy (or beautiful handwriting as a substitute) or decorative work (wood, glass, etc.)
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Architecture Greatest cultural blending of the Muslim world
Ex: Great Mosque of Damascus build on the site of a Christian Church (Byzantine reflection) Feature works of the Romans and other European cultures
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Dome of the Rock
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Medical Advancements Al-Razi – greatest physician in the world
Wrote the encyclopedia Comprehensive Book – drew medical knowledge from the ancients Also wrote the Treatise on Smallpox & Measles Recover breathing cleaner air
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Math & Science Standard for mathematical solutions, scientific observations, & experimentation Scientists prefer to solve problems with experiments, instead of logical reasoning Better? Al-Khwarizmi – Through Indian teachings, develops al-jabr Chart the stars, comets, & planets Ibn al-Haytham develops theory on sight, leads to the first telescopes & microscopes
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Philosophy & Religion Scholars blend Islam with Greek philosophers teachings Criticized, argue both trying to find the truth Moses Ben Maimon – greatest Jewish philosopher Push to blend science with religion
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The “Ideal Man” P. 279 – Ikhwan As-Safa
“The ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct ….” What do you think?
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