1. Ch. 10 – The Islamic World

2. 10.1 – The Rise of Islam

3. Things to Keep in Mind Timeline Review – p. 260-1
Muslim World v. the World
Southwest Asia (The Middle East) is bridge between Africa, Asia, & Europe
Goods and Ideas were traded and shared across this land
The Crossroads of the World

4. Bedouins Nomadic people who lived in the Arabian Desert
Organized into groups and tribes (clans)
Clans provided support and security
Ideals:
Courage
Loyalty to family
Great military skill
Inherited by Islam

5. Towns & Trade Towns arise near a water source or oasis
Early 600s – trade routes develop, providing a connection
Routes ran through the Byzantine & Sassanid empires
Merchants spread ideas and goods
Development of the Silk Road

6. The Silk Road

7. Mecca Popular trade stop for caravans
Religious pilgrims come to visit the Ka’aba
Place of worship for Abraham
Eventually, place for 360+ idols
Islam will develop because of connection with Judaism and Christianity

8. Ka’aba

9. Muhammad Born into a powerful family, but orphaned at 6
Trader & Business Manager – married his boss, Khadijah
Believed he was a prophet of Allah
Angel Gabriel & the cave
Believed he was the last prophet
Founded the Islamic faith – faith in one god

10. Muhammad & The Hijrah
People of Mecca threatened by Muhammad’s teachings
Fear Mecca would lose its religious appeal
Hijrah - Migration to Yathrib (Medina)
Muhammad gains many supporters & displays political & military skills

11. The Return to Mecca 630 – Muhammad & 10,000 men march on Mecca
Takes the city & destroys the idols of the Ka’aba
Most pledge allegiance & convert to Islam
Muhammad dies in 632 – great step toward unifying the Arabian Peninsula

12. Islam: Beliefs & Practices
Teaches good & evil
Individuals are responsible for their actions
All must carry out the 5 Pillars – ensures living of religion
All must perform a hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
Source of Authority – Allah
Qur’an – religious book
Muhammad’s revelations from Allah via Gabriel

13. Other Beliefs & Expansion
Forbidden to eat pork
Cannot drink intoxicating beverages
Fridays afternoons = communal worship
No central religious figure (Ulama – scholars)
Qur’an & worship only in Arabic = unification
Sunna – Muhammad’s life example = proper living
Shari’a – regulates family life, moral conduct, community & business

14. The Five Pillars of Islam
Faith – Testify: “There is no God, but Allah, & Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”
Prayer – 5x/day toward Mecca – anywhere
Alms – Give to the poor – special religious tax
Fasting – Ramadan – fast during the day
Spiritual needs are greater than physical needs
Pilgrimage – all able must perform a hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once
Similar clothing – all stand as one

15. Links to Judaism & Christianity
View Allah as the Christian & Jewish god
Jesus was a prophet, not the Son of God
The Torah & the Gospels = the Qur’an
The final book
Heaven, Hell, & Judgment Day
All trace ancestry to Abraham
Stress religious toleration towards Christians & Jews (“People of the Book”)

16. 10.2 – Expansion of Islam

17. Religion in crisis – No leader
Setting the Stage
Muhammad dies in 632
Religion in crisis – No leader
Is this a problem? If so, what issues might appear?

18. Successors Muhammad had not named a successor
Following customs, Abu-Bakr becomes the 1st caliph (“successor” or “deputy”)
“Rightly Guided” Caliphs – Umar, Uthman, & Ali – knew Muhammad
Use the Qur’an & Muhammad’s teachings to lead = the Caliphate

19. Initial Problems & Expansion
Tribes abandon Islam, refuse to pay taxes, & some declare themselves prophets
Abu-Bakr invokes jihad (“striving”)
Two Meanings
By Abu-Bakr’s death in 634 – all of Arabia controlled
Umar & Ali – fight the Byzantines and Sassanids expanding empire from the Atlantic to the Indus River

20. Byzantine Empire – Greatest Extent

21. 650 AD
867 AD

22. Reasons for Success
These caliphs are successful because they follow Muhammad’s teachings
Muslims view expansion as full support from Allah = fight to defend Islam
Armies are disciplined & have great commanders
Use the weaknesses of the Byzantines & Sassanids to expand
Empires crumbling
Harsh treatment of peoples
Islam offers equality

23. Conquered Peoples Qur’an forbids forced conversion
Conquered peoples allowed to practice their own religion
Jews & Christians receive special considerations – why?
Some restrictions: no spreading of religion, pay a special poll tax
Could be officials, bureaucrats, & scholars

24. Internal Conflict 656 – Uthman murdered = civil war
Ali (natural successor) is challenged by Muawiya of Syria
Assassinated in 661
Elective system dies with him – why?
Umayyads take control – move capital to Damascus
Abandon simple life – surround themselves with wealth
Will cause division – why?

25. Sunni – Shi’a Split Majority of Muslims side with Umayyads
Minority resist – caliph needs to be a descendant of the Prophet
Shi’a – “party” of Ali
Ummayyads = Sunnis (Follow Muhammad’s example)
Sufi – Life of poverty & devotion

26. Change in Power 750 – Umayyads overthrown by the Abbasids
Murder remaining Umayyads
Abd al-Rahman flees to Spain, sets up Umayyad caliphate
Leads Berber army north until defeat at the Battle of Tours in 732
From state in al-Andalus in Southern Spain

27. Abbasid Power 762 – move capital to Baghdad – consolidate power
Located on key trade & communication networks
Strong bureaucracy – treasury, defense, & business departments
Send diplomats to take care of affairs
Tax land, imports, exports, & non-Muslim wealth to maintain rule

28. Independent Rivals Abbasid power was strong, but rivals spring up
Independent states dominate small regions all across their land
The Fatimid - descendents of Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter) – North Africa
Trade, religion, & language connect them to the Abbasids

29. Trade Networks
Sea Trade: Red & Mediterranean Seas = trade with the rest of the world
Land Trade: Silk Road – China – Middle East – Europe & Africa
Only one language & one currency – Today?
Banks set-up with credit (sakks) – European origin?
Cities explode & become centers for the arts, science, & achievements

30. The Silk Road

31. Trade Networks

32. 10.3 – Muslim Culture

33. Abbasid Rule Rule was prosperous for the Islamic religion
Riches are pulled in from Europe, Asia, & Africa
Build great cities and support advancements in math, art, and science
Preserve & Advance Knowledge
Blending of international cultures

34. Muslim Cities Damascus – Cultural Center of Islam
Impressive Cities of the Caliphate – Cordoba, Cairo, & Jerusalem
Baghdad (capital) – lavish palaces, defenses, and marketplace
Peeked at ~1 million!!!

35. Damascus

36. Four Social Classes 1st Class – Muslims at Birth
2nd Class – Converts to Islam
3rd Class – “Protected People”
Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians
4th Class – Slaves
POWs, non-Muslims

37. Role of Women Qur’an: Men & Women are equal, but submit to men
What?
Given rights under the shari’a for marriage, family, & property
Originally, women could advance based on their husband’s status
Time passes, women are isolated and veiled in public

38. Scholarship & Knowledge
Push for knowledge was great (science, math, astronomy)
Muhammad – p. 274
Push for advancements, translate scientific & philosophical texts
Early 800s – House of Wisdom – library/academy for translation of ancient texts into Arabic.

39. Literature & Art Strong roots in Arabia with the Bedouins
The Qur’an was the gold standard
Adapt artistic traditions of conquered areas to suit Islamic beliefs
Discourage images of living things
Use calligraphy (or beautiful handwriting as a substitute) or decorative work (wood, glass, etc.)

40. Architecture Greatest cultural blending of the Muslim world
Ex: Great Mosque of Damascus build on the site of a Christian Church (Byzantine reflection)
Feature works of the Romans and other European cultures

41. Dome of the Rock

42. Medical Advancements Al-Razi – greatest physician in the world
Wrote the encyclopedia Comprehensive Book – drew medical knowledge from the ancients
Also wrote the Treatise on Smallpox & Measles
Recover breathing cleaner air

43. Math & Science
Standard for mathematical solutions, scientific observations, & experimentation
Scientists prefer to solve problems with experiments, instead of logical reasoning
Better?
Al-Khwarizmi – Through Indian teachings, develops al-jabr
Chart the stars, comets, & planets
Ibn al-Haytham develops theory on sight, leads to the first telescopes & microscopes

44. Philosophy & Religion
Scholars blend Islam with Greek philosophers teachings
Criticized, argue both trying to find the truth
Moses Ben Maimon – greatest Jewish philosopher
Push to blend science with religion

45. The “Ideal Man” P. 279 – Ikhwan As-Safa
“The ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct ….”
What do you think?