1. Lecture-1 Introduction

2. What is Digital Computer?
It is a programmable electronics machine that processes binary data.
It consists of four sections- Input , CPU(Central processing unit) , memory and output
Memory
Input
CPU
Output

3. What is Micro-Computer?
In digital computers, microprocessor act as a CPU. When a CPU of a digital computer is replaced by µP . It is called as µComputer.
Memory
Input
Microprocessor
Output

4. Microprocessor Definition:-
It is a LSI IC chip that does almost all the functions of the CPU. It is also defined as a CPU contained in a single chip.
A microcomputer is 1 example of a uP system

5. A microprocessor system?
uP are powerful pieces of hardware, but not much useful on their own
Just as the human brain needs hands, feet, eyes, ears, mouth to be useful; so does the uP
A uP system is uP plus all the components it requires to do a certain task

6. Micro-controller Definition:-
It is a microprocessor unit that includes memory, Input, output, interfacing lines, A/D convertor, Timer etc on a single chip.
Examples:- in video games, VCRs, microwave ovens etc.

8. Digital Signal Processing

9. Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing is a field of numerical mathematics that is concerned with the processing of discrete signals
This area of mathematics deals with the principles that underlie all digital systems

10. Bus:- A set of parallel connecting lines is called as bus.
Clock speed:- Determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.
Bus:- A set of parallel connecting lines is called as bus.
Address bus:- The bus over which the cpu sends out the address of the memory location is called as Address bus. If there are N address lines then it can directly address 2N Memory locations. It is unidirectional bus.

11. Data bus:-The bus which is used to transfer the data from cpu to memory and vice versa. The number of data lines used in the data bus is equal to the size of the data word .It is bidirectional bus.
Control bus :- used for sending control signals to the memory and Input/output devices.

12. Evolution of Microprocessor
4004
Year of introduction:- 1971
No. of transistor :- 2300
No. of pins :-16
Data bus (word length):-4
Address bus:-10
Memory addressing:-1KB
Clock speed:-750 KHZ

13. 8008
Year of introduction:- 1972
No. of transistor :- 3500
No. of pins :-40
Data bus (word length):-8
Address bus:-14
Memory addressing:-16 KB
Clock speed:-500KHZ-800 KHZ

14. 8085
Year of introduction: to1977
No. of transistor :- 6500
No. of pins :-40
Data bus (word length):-8
Address bus:-16
Memory addressing:-64 KB
Clock speed:-3/5 MHZ

15. 8086
Year of introduction:- 1978
No. of transistor :
No. of pins :-40
Data bus (word length):-16
Address bus:-20
Memory addressing:-1MB
Clock speed:-5-10 MHZ

16. 8088
Year of introduction:- 1979
No. of transistor :
No. of pins :-40
Data bus (word length):- 8 (internal)& (External)
Address bus:-20
Memory addressing:-1MB
Clock speed:-5-8 MHZ

17. 80286
Year of introduction:- 1982
No. of transistor : lac
No. of pins :-68
Data bus (word length):- 16
Address bus:-24
Memory addressing:-16MB
Clock speed:-8 MHZ

18. 80386
Year of introduction:- 1985
No. of transistor :- 2.75lac
No. of pins :-132
Data bus (word length):- 32
Address bus:-32
Memory addressing:-4GB real &
16 TB virtual
Clock speed: MHZ

19. 80486
Year of introduction:- 1989
No. of transistor :- 1.2 M
No. of pins :-168
Data bus (word length):- 32
Address bus:-32
Memory addressing:-4GB
Clock speed: MHZ

20. Pentium:-
Year of introduction:- 1993
No. of transistor :- 3.1M
No. of pins :-237 PGA
Data bus (word length):- 32
Address bus:-32
Memory addressing:-4GB
Clock speed:-60 MHZ

21. Pentium pro :-
Year of introduction:- 1995
No. of transistor :- 5.5M
No. of pins :-387 PGA
Data bus (word length):- 32
Address bus:-36
Memory addressing:-64GB
Clock speed: MHZ

22. Pentium II :-
Year of introduction:- 1997
No. of transistor :- 7.5M
Data bus (word length):- 32/64
Address bus:-36
Memory addressing:-64GB
Clock speed:-233 MHZ

23. Pentium III :-
Year of introduction:- 1999
No. of transistor :- 9.5M
No. of pins :-370 PGA
Data bus (word length):- 32
Address bus:-36
Memory addressing:-64GB
Clock speed: MHZ

24. Pentium IV :-
Year of introduction:- 2000
No. of transistor :- 42M
No. of pins :-423 PGA
Data bus (word length):- 64
Address bus:-36
Memory addressing:-64GB
Clock speed: GHZ

25. Itanium I:-
Year of introduction:- 2001
No. of transistor :- 325M
No. of pins :-423 PGA
Data bus (word length):- 64
Memory addressing:-64GB
Clock speed: MHZ

26. Itanium II:-
Year of introduction:- 2002
No. of transistor :- 325M
No. of pins :-423 PGA
Data bus (word length):- 64
Memory addressing:-64GB
Clock speed: GHZ

27. Generation of control signals

28. Latching Circuit

30. 8085 Machine cycle