1. What is Science?
According to the dictionary science is…… systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation

2. What is Earth Science?
Earth Science is the study of Earth and it’s position in the Universe.
The study of the physical world around you and the forces that shape this dynamic planet
Scientific discovery is made through using the scientific method

3. What is Earth Science?

4. What are the Branches Earth Science?
Astronomy
Meteorology
Geology
Hydrology

5. Geology The study of: History Structure Composition of the Earth
And the processes that affect Earth

6. Astronomy The study of the Universe, includes: All matter Time Energy
And Space

7. Oceanography and Hydrology
Study of Earth’s oceans
Components of the water cycle
Effects of Water on the Planet: erosional and depositional consequences

8. Meteorology Study of the Earth’s atmosphere
Including weather and climate

9. To Learn about Earth Science…
Scientists use their senses to make observation and inferences
Hypothesize
Design experiments
Hence follow the scientific method

10. Scientific Method

11. PERCENT ERROR-
-how wrong you are

12. ? Accepted value = correct answer Measured value = your guess
Temperature?
Accepted value - measured value
PCT ERROR = x 100%
accepted value

13. ? Temperature? Accepted value - measured value
PCT ERROR = x 100%
accepted value

14. There are 495 jellybeans. Accepted value - measured value
PCT ERROR = x 100%
accepted value

15. Practice:
A student measures a table to be 1.9m long. In reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent error of the student?
2.0 – 1.9 X 100 = 5%
2.0

16. A student measures a room to be 6. 9m. If the actual length is 7
A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If the actual length is 7.5m, the student’s percent error is?
7.5 – 6.9 X 100 = 8%
7.5

17. A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8. 6cm3
A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8.6cm3. The correct volume is really 8.0cm3. What is the student’s percent error?
8.6 – X = 7.5%
8.0

18. Observations, Inferences, Classification
An observation is an interaction of our senses with the environment
What is used to make an observation?
the five senses
Page 1

19. Senses
Can your senses be fooled?
Lets see

31. YELLOW

32. BLUE

33. ORANGE

34. BLACK

35. RED

36. GREEN

37. PURPLE

38. YELLOW

39. RED

40. ORANGE

41. GREEN

42. BLACK

43. BLUE

44. RED

45. PURPLE

46. GREEN

47. BLUE

48. ORANGE

49. What can you use to extend your powers of observation?
D. Instruments
Identify instruments 1-10
**Add pictures & names of instruments**
Page 2

53. Inference
An educated guess or interpretation based upon your observations and your life experiences
Page 2

54. Observation VS. Inference
Answers to puppy page part B
Observations
4 dogs
1 large & 3 small
Spotted
Black & white
Page 3

55. Observation VS. Inference
Answers to puppy page part B
Inferences
Large dog is the mother & 3 small are the puppies
Puppies are hungry
They are Dalmatians
Page 3

56. Observation VS. Inference
Answers to puppy page part C
a. O
b. I
c. O
a. I
b. O
Page 3

57. Observation VS. Inference
Answers to puppy page part C
a. I
b. O
a. O
b. I
Page 3

58. Scientific Method

59. Lab: How many Candies?
Your procedure is a series of steps to solve the problem
It’s a set of directions to guide the scientist through the experiment
Like directions to your house
Don’t assume anything

60. Lab: How many Candies? Record your results Procedure:
Mass the full cup of M&Ms with the balance
Mass the empty cup with the balance
Determine the mass of the M&Ms by finding the difference of the full cup and empty cup
Find the mass of a single M&M
Calculate the number of M&Ms in the cup by dividing the total mass of the M&Ms/ by the mass of a single M&M
Record your results

61. Percent Deviation or Error
the amount of error in a measurement or experiment
Formula found on page 1 of ESRT

62. Formulas
density:
percent error (deviation):
rate of change:

63. Classification Based on properties or characteristics of an object
Classification systems enable the investigator to organize data in a meaningful way
Page 3

64. Answers to Questions on page 43 4 2 1
Page 4

65. Measurement All measurements consist of: Numerical values
Labeled units
Linear Measurement- is the distance between 2 points 1. Ruler
Page 5

66. Metric Conversions
Proceed to Metric Conversion power point
Page 5

67. Metric System Basics

68. Metric System
The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds to a certain kind of measurement
Length = meter
Volume = liter
Weight (Mass) = gram
Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system
Example:
Centi + meter = Centimeter
Kilo + liter = Kiloliter

69. Metric System The three prefixes that we will use the most are: kilo
centi
milli
kilo
hecto
deca
Base Units
meter
gram
liter
deci
centi
milli

70. Metric System
So if you needed to measure length you would choose meter as your base unit
Length of a tree branch
1.5 meters
Length of a room
5 meters
Length of a ball of twine stretched out
25 meters

71. Metric System
But what if you need to measure a longer distance, like from your house to school?
Let’s say you live approximately 10 miles from school
10 miles = meters
16093 is a big number, but what if you could add a prefix onto the base unit to make it easier to manage:
16093 meters = kilometers (or 16.1 if rounded to 1 decimal place)

72. Metric System
These prefixes are based on powers of 10. What does this mean?
From each prefix every “step” is either:
10 times larger or
10 times smaller
For example
Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
kilo
hecto
deca
Base Units
meter
gram
liter
deci
centi
milli

73. Metric System
Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters so it takes more millimeters for the same length
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
Example not to scale 40 41
1 mm 40 41
1 cm

74. Metric System For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10
For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi
1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters
2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams
( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100)
(2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200)
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

75. Metric System
An easy way to move within the metric system is by moving the decimal point one place for each “step” desired
Example: change meters to centimeters
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters or
1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

76. Metric System
Now let’s try our previous example from meters to kilometers:
16093 meters = decameters = hectometers = kilometers
So for every “step” from the base unit to kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the left (the same direction as in the diagram below)
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

77. Metric System
If you move to the left in the diagram, move the decimal to the left
If you move to the right in the diagram, move the decimal to the right
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

78. Metric System
Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to kilometers
centimeters = 4 kilometers
centimeters = kilometers
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

79. Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to kilometers
4000 meters = 4 kilometers
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli
Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to meters
4000 centimeters = 40 meters
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

80. Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to centimeters
5 meters = 500 centimeters
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli
Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to meters
.3 kilometers = 300 meters
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

81. Metric System
Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to millimeters
4 kilometers = millimeters or
4 kilometers = 40 hectometers = 400 decameters
= 4000 meters = decimeters
= centimeters = millimeters
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

82. Metric System
Summary
Base units in the metric system are meter, liter, gram
Metric system is based on powers of 10
For conversions within the metric system, each “step” is 1 decimal place to the right or left
Using the diagram below, converting to the right, moves the decimal to the right and vice versa
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

83. Volume
Is the amount of space an object occupies
Page 6

84. VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object:
What instrument would be used to measure the volume of an object such as a rock?
graduated cylinder

85. Describe the process you would use.
VOLUME of an irregularly
shaped object:
Describe the process you would use.
Put water into cylinder
measure volume of water
place object in cylinder
re-measure volume of water
subtract volumes
Page 7

86. What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume?
Volume of a regular rectangular object:
What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume?
ruler
Page 7

87. What is the formula for finding the volume of this object?
V = L x W x H H W L
Page 7

88. Calculate the volume of this object to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter. Show all formulas.
V = L x W x H
= 4.0 x 3.2 x 12.3
= cm³
Page 7

89. scale NOTHING! THE NUMBER OF ATOMS REMAINS THE SAME
Name the common scientific
instrument used to measure mass:
Mass is the amount of matter in an object
scale
If an object is heated, what happens
to its mass? Why?
NOTHING!
THE NUMBER OF
ATOMS REMAINS
THE SAME
Page 9

90. HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE Density Page 10 DENSITY:
Let’s give it
a try!

91. Sample Problems density = mass / volume = 240g / 12cm³ = 20.0 g/cm³
A rock has a mass of 240g and a
volume of 12cm³.
Showing all formulas and calculations,
determine the density of the rock.
Sample Problems
density = mass / volume
= 240g / 12cm³
= 20.0 g/cm³
Page 10

92. Sample Problems If the empty container has a mass of 100g and
the filled container has a mass of 250g.
What is the density of the liquid inside?
Show all work below.
Sample Problems
mass of liquid
250g – 100g = 150g
density of liquid
density = mass/volume
Page 11
= 150g /100mL = 1.5 g/mL

93. What happens to the density of an object when it is split into smaller
parts? why?
Density
nothing!
the atoms are still
packed the same
Page 13

94. Density expands less page 7 less DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED
THE ATOMS ARE
Density
When an object is heated, it
and the atoms become
packed. Therefore the object becomes
dense.
expands
less
page 7
less
Page 14

95. Density expands less page 7 less DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED
THE ATOMS ARE
Density
When an object is heated, it
and the atoms become
packed. Therefore the object becomes
dense.
expands
less
page 7
less
Page 14

96. Density contracts more page 7 more DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED
THE ATOMS ARE
Density
When an object is cooled, it
and the atoms become
packed. Therefore the object becomes
dense.
contracts
more
page 7
more

97. Density
density
page 7
temperature
Page 14

98. Density
density
Pressure
Page 14

99. The density of water when it is most dense is: Density of water:
1.00 g/mL

100. Any material with a density less than water will
Density of water:
Float or Sink
Any material with a density
less than water will
Any material with a density
greater than water will
FLOAT
SINK

101. D = m ÷ v = 25g ÷ 50mL = 0.5 g/mL Density of water example:
If an object has a mass of 25g and a volume of 50mL, will it sink or float in liquid water?
D = m ÷ v
= 25g ÷ 50mL
= 0.5 g/mL
it will FLOAT

102. Phases of Matter & Density
During which phase of matter (solid,
liquid, or gas) are most materials:
most dense?
least dense?
solid
gas

103. Graphical Relationships
Direct Relationship:
increases
As one variable increases, the other __________________.

104. Graphical Relationships
Examples

105. Graphical Relationships
Indirect Relationship:
decreases
As one variable increases, the other __________________

106. Graphical Relationships
Examples

107. Graphical Relationships
Cyclic Relationship:
As one variable increases, the other
changes in a predictable pattern
Events that are cyclic are also ___________________
predictable

108. Graphical Relationships
Examples

109. Graphical Relationships
No Relationship:
stays the same
As one variable increases, the other __________________

110. rate of change-
-How fast something changes over a unit of time
i.e. feet per second (ft./sec), or
miles per hour (m/ h)
Equation located on page 1 of ESRT

112. example:
From 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm the air temperature falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of change for temperature during this time?
Rate of change =

113. Do now:
In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change for the shoreline?

114. How to Construct a Graph
Why Graph?
Graphs -
It’s a visual way to present data
This allows you to easily identify relationships between the variables
And recognize rates of change by looking at the slope of the line
Types of graphs:
-line graphs

115. Types of graphs:
-line graphs
Uses coordinates (x and y axis)

116. Types of graphs: -line graphs direct indirect or inverse cyclic
relationship relationship relationship

117. Rules for making graphs:
1) The graph should be as simple and easy to read as possible.

118. Rules for making graphs:
On each axis, equal intervals must represent equal changes

119. Rules for making graphs:
3) Time is always plotted on the “x” (horizontal) axis

120. Rules for making graphs:
4) When possible, make best fit line(s)

121. Rules for making graphs:
5) Fit the graph to the paper. Make it large enough to fit most of the paper.

122. Rules for making graphs:
6) Label each axis with quantity and units

123. Rules for making graphs:
7) The graph should make sense.

124. Can you find the error in this graph?
Should be a line graph

125. Line should not start at zero
Neither axis is labeled with units

126. Labels on axis switched

127. Graph does not fit line
Vertical axis does not increase evenly

128. Dynamic Equilibrium Give a real life, earth science example of a
system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

129. Dynamic Equilibrium Give a real life, earth science example of a
system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

130. Interfaces fronts Give a real-life, earth science example
of an interface.
fronts

131. earth science, examples
Cyclic events
Give three real-life,
earth science, examples
of cyclic events
phases of moon
yearly temperatures
sunspots
tides
sunrise & sunset