1. Introduction to Microprocessors
EE3541
Introduction to Microprocessors
Medien Zeghid
EE Department
PRINCE SATTAM BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY
COLEGE OF ENGINEERING AT WADI ADDAWASER

2. Overview Textbook: Objectives: Grading:
J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of
Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999
Objectives:
The course will provide knowledge to build and program microprocessor-based systems.
DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Microprocessor architecture
Architecture of microprocessor-based systems
Programming microprocessor-based systems
Future trends
Grading:
Two midterms, one final exam, 1 project, ……

5. What are microprocessor-based systems?
Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals.
Microprocessors are the brains of the systems
Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses
The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructions stored in memories
Memory
Output
units
Input
Bus
Microprocessor
Control
unit
Datapath
ALU
Reg.

6. Pentium D dual core processors
Basic component of microcomputer
CPU - Central Processing Unit
the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program
the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. It is the unit that reads and executes program instructions.
The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do.
Pentium D dual core processors

7. 2. Memory
physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.
Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).
RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it.
ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions.
In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset.

9. What are microprocessors?
A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit. X Y
Control
unit IR PC
ALU
ACC
MAR
Data bus
Control bus
Address bus
A simple microprocessor architecture

10. Bus system
a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers.

15. Evolution of Computers
First generation ( ) - vacuum tube
Second generation ( ) - transistor
Third generation ( ) - IC
Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

16. Evolution of Computers
First generation ( ) - vacuum tube
IBM 650, 1954

17. Evolution of Computers
Second generation ( ) - transistor
Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer

18. Evolution of Computers
Third generation ( ) - IC
PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation
Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s

19. Evolution of Computers
Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor
In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit chip for calculator applications.
ALU
Instruction
decoder
Reg.
Program
counter
I/O
Refresh
logic
System bus
Control logic
ROM/RAM buffer
Timing
Reset
Block diagram of Intel 4004
4004 chip layout
A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal,
Autumn, 1997

20. Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
Number of transistors
Minimum transistor sizes (µm)
8080
8088
80286
80386
80486
Pentium
P II
P III
P 4
8080
8088
80286
80386
80486
Pentium
P II
P III
P 4
Clock frequencies (MHz)
MIPS
8080
8088
80286
80386
80486
Pentium
P II
P III
P 4
8080
8088
80286
80386
80486
Pentium
P II
P III
P 4

21. Other Commercial Microprocessors
PowerPC (IBM, Motorola)
Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD)
Crusoe (Transmeta)
SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems)
TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments)
StarCore (Motorola, Agere)
ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines)
MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)
     

22. Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems
Computers
System performance is normally the most important design concern
Memory
Timing &
control
Keyboard
Interrupt
...
Monitor
Micro-
processor
Disk
Other
peripherals
Bus
Block diagram of a computer

23. Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems
Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip.
CPU
RAM
ROM
Timer
Interrupt
I/O port
USART
A/D, D/A
OSC.
In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance
Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications
Block diagram of a microcontroller

24. Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems
ASICs
Microprocessors are embedded into ASIC chips to implement complex functions
In general, it requires that the microprocessors have low power consumption and take small silicon area
A TI baseband chip for cellular
phone applications

25. Class Objectives Hardware architecture of microprocessor-based systems
Microprocessor architecture
Memory organization
I/O units of microprocessor-based systems
How to put them together
Programming of microprocessor-based systems
Intel 80x86 instruction set
Microprocessor Interrupt services
Assembly language programming

26. Topics Introduction of microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 1)
Intel 8086 microprocessor architecture (Ch.2)
Intel 8086 Addressing modes (Ch.3)
Hardware Detail of Intel 8086 (Ch.4)
Assembly language programming (Ch. 5)
Intel 80x86 instruction set (Ch. 6, 7)
Subroutine and Interrupt Instructions (Ch. 8)
Memory organization in microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 9)
I/O systems (Ch. 10)  
Microprocessor interrupt and interrupt services (Ch. 11)
Disk systems and file (Ch. 12)
Topics in advanced computer architecture (Ch. 13)