1. Phnom Penh International University (PPIU)
9/12/2018
សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភ្នំពេញអន្តរជាតិ
Phnom Penh International University
Quality Excellence Innovation o
Computer Literacy
Internal Use Only

2. Chapter 5 The Processor Unit

3. After this chapter, students would be able to understand:
Objectives
After this chapter, students would be able to understand:
What is Processor Unit
History of Processor
How does CPU work with other Devices
Kind of CPU

4. What is Processor?
The Processor can be called Central Processing Unit (CPU).
CPU interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.
The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer.
There are 2 typical components of a CPU:
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations
The Control Unit (CU) is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

5. The CPU Speed Inside a processor has 2 main functions:
The registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations
The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz). The higher clock speed, the faster of processing data.
CPU registers are:
Very fast (access times of a few nanoseconds)
Low capacity (usually less than 200 bytes)
Very limited expansion capabilities
Expensive (more than one dollar/byte)

6. How CPU Work?
Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task
Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processors

7. How CPU Work with Other Devices?
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

8. How CPU Work with Other Devices? (cont.)

9. How CPU Work with Other Devices? (cont.)
Most current personal computers support pipelining. Each time the CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series of steps.
The complete series of steps is called a machine cycle. A machine cycle can be divided into two smaller cycles.
pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements.

10. How CPU Work with Other Devices? (cont.)
These are instruction cycle and execution cycle:
Instruction cycle: In instruction cycle CPU takes 2 steps:
Fetching: Before the CPU can execute an instruction, the control unit must retrieve or fetch a command or data from the computer's memory and the Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction.
Decoding: Before a command can be executed, the control unit must decode the command into instruction set.
pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements.

11. How CPU Work with Other Devices? (cont.)
Execution cycle: In execution cycle CPU also takes 2 steps:
Executing: When the command is executed, the CPU carried out the instructions in order by converting them into macrocode.
Storing: The CPU may be required to store the result of an instruction in memory.
pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements.

12. How CPU Work with Other Devices? (cont.)

13. Kind of CPUs
The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD
CPU is using with different devices. Example:
CPU for Mobile Devices
CPU for Personal Computer
CPU for Server Computer
A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processors (called "cores"), which are the units that read and execute program instructions. The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do. The instructions are very basic things like reading data from memory or sending data to the user display, but they are processed so rapidly that human perception experiences the results as the smooth operation of a program. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
Multi-core processor
Dual-core processor
Quad-core processor

14. Kind of CPUs (cont.)
PIN
First CPU

15. CPU for Personal Computer
Kind of CPUs (cont.)
CPU for Personal Computer
For Server

16. CPU Slot/Socket

17. How to Install CPU

18. How to Install CPU (cont.)

19. Cooling CPU
A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up
Require additional cooling
1. Heat sinks 2. Liquid cooling technology

20. History of AMD CPU Processor Year Bus width Description 29000 1988 32
32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor
29050
1990 32
32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor with integrated FPU K5
1996 32
Pentium-class processor K6
1997 32
Pentium/Pentium II-class processor
K6-2
1998 32
Pentium II-class processor, enhanced version of K6
K6-III
1999 32
Pentium II-class processor, enhanced version of K6-2 K7
1999 32
Pentium III/IV class processor K8
2003 64
Eighth generation of x86 processors
K10
2007 64
Ninth generation of x86 processors

21. History of Intel CPU Processor Year Bus width Description 4004 1971 4
First microprocessor.
4040
1972 4
Enhanced version of the Intel 4004 processor.
8008
1972 8
First 8-bit microprocessor.
8080
1974 8
Successor to Intel 8008 CPU.
8085
1976 8
Enhanced version of Intel 8080 CPU.
8086
1978 16
First generation of Intel 80x86 processors.
8088
1979
8/16
8 bit (external) version of Intel 8086 CPU.
80186
1982 16
Next generation of 80x86 processors. Used mostly as embedded processor.
80188
1982
8/16
Next generation of 80x86 processors. Used mostly as embedded processor.
80286
1982 16
Second generation of 80x86 processors: new instructions, protected mode, support for 16MB of memory.

22. History of Intel CPU (cont.)
Processor
Year
Bus width
Description
80376
1989 32
Embedded 32-bit microprocessor based on Intel
80386
1985 32
Third generation of 80x86 processors: 32 bit architecture, new processor modes.
80486
1989 32
Fourth generation of 80x86 processors: integrated FPU, internal clock multiplier.
Pentium
1993 32
Fifth generation of x86 processors: superscalar architecture, MMX.
Pentium II
1997 32
Sixth generation of x86 processors.
Celeron
1998 32
Low-cost version of Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium 4 processors.

23. History of Intel CPU (cont.)
Processor
Year
Bus width
Description
Pentium III
1999 32
Enhanced and faster version of Pentium II.
Pentium 4
2000
32, 64
New generation of Pentium processors.
Pentium M
2003 32
Pentium microprocessor specifically designed for mobile applications
Celeron D
2004
32, 64
Low-cost version Pentium 4 desktop processors.
Celeron M
2004 32
Low-cost microprocessor specifically designed for mobile applications
Pentium D
2005 64
Dual-core CPUs based on Pentium 4 architecture.
Pentium Extreme Edition
2005 64
Dual-core CPUs based on Pentium 4 architecture.
Xeon
2006
32, 64
High-performance version of Pentium 4 CPU.

24. History of Intel CPU (cont.)
Processor
Year
Bus width
Description
80860
1989 32
Embedded 32-bit microprocessor with integrated 3D graphics.
Itanium
2001 64
High-performance 64-bit microprocessor.
Core Solo
2006 32
32-bit single-core microprocessor.
Core Duo
2006 32
32-bit dual-core microprocessor.
Core 2
2006 64
64-bit microprocessor.
Pentium Dual-Core
2007 64
64-bit low-cost microprocessor.
Celeron Dual-Core
2008 64
64-bit low-cost microprocessor.
Atom
2008
32, 64
Ultra-low power microprocessor.
Core i7
2008
32, 64
64-bit microprocessor.
Core i5
2009
32, 64
64-bit microprocessor.
Core i3
2010
32, 64
64-bit microprocessor.