1. The Circulatory System
11.1
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2. What are its functions? transport substances to and from cells
oxygen & carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
immune system components
wastes

3. Unicellular Organisms
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Unicellular organisms perform all of the processes necessary for life using only a single cell.
Most multicellular animals, on the other hand, require organ systems to carry out life processes

4. Simple Multicellular Organisms
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Circulation in the sponge is achieved by setting up a current that pulls water in through the body pores and out through the top opening.

5. Larger Multicellular Organisms
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3 fundamental features:
A fluid that transports materials through the body
A network of tubes in which the fluid circulates
A pump that pushes the fluid through the tubes

6. Open & Closed Circulatory System
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The circulating fluid is pumped into a interconnected system of body cavities, or sinuses, where it bathes the cells directly
Hemolymph – mixture of blood and tissue fluid
Closed system – the fluid is contained within a network of tubes.

7. From 2 chambers to 4…

8. Image from: http://science. kennesaw
The heart evolved from the simple aortic arches of ancient invertebrates to the two-chambered heart that is found in fish
Three-chambered heart in amphibians (two atria and 1 ventricle)
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
The single ventricle pumps blood to both the lungs and the body.
In most reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, the ventricle of the heart is partially separated into two areas by a septum (a wall of tissue that divides a body cavity or structure into smaller parts)
Four-chambered heart in mammals, birds, and crocodilians
The septum is complete and separates the tip of the heart into a left and right ventricle.

9. Image from: http://science. kennesaw
2 chambers to 4 chambers…
The circulatory system of fish is a single circuit. Blood is pumped through the gills, where it is oxygenated, and then pumped throughout the body.
Mammals, birds and crocodilians, developed a more complex closed two-circuit system
Main difference: circulation to the lungs is separated from circulation to the rest of the body.
Possible because of the heart.
Pulmonary circuit: circulates blood to the lungs for gas exchange with the external environment.
Systemic circuit: circulates blood around the body to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the body cells, and to pick up carbon dioxide.
Four-chambered heart has 2 ventricles that pump blood from the heart and 2 atria that receive blood returning to the heart.
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

10. Blood…
11.2
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11. Components of Blood
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2 main components:
Cellular components: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Intercellular matrix component: plasma (a yellow-coloured liquid)
To separate the components of blood, we can spin it in a centrifuge.
Red blood cells settles to the bottom because they are densest
Plasma, the least dense, rises to the top
Platelets and white blood cells form a thin layer in the middle.

12. Plasma
90% water
dissolved/suspended gases, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogens), nutrients, ions, waste products, etc.
serum is the fluid that results when the cells, platelets, and fibrinogen have been removed
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13. Red Blood Cells AKA erythrocytes
biconcave, have no nucleus carry oxygen & carbon dioxide
Biconcave – concave on both sides
The disk shape is advantageous because it has 20% to 30% greater surface area for gas exchange than a sphere of the same volume.
They are tiny: about 135 = 1mm!

14. White Blood Cells AKA leukocytes many different kinds
part of the immune system
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Also formed in bone marrow
Defense against harmful bacteria, viruses, and other organisms that can cause disease.
Two categories:
granular: have small particles, or grains, in their cytoplasm; attack foreign material and microorganisms that are brought into the cells.
Agranular: specialized for engulfing bacteria and other microorganisms.

15. Platelets small cell fragments essential in blood clotting
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Produced from stem cells in bone marrow

16. Image from: http://www. sonoraquest
There is an acceptable or normal range of values for each cell type.
Values falling outside this range signal that further tests should be done to determine if a medical problem exists.
Anemia – low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin level, which leads to low oxygen levels
Commonly caused by bleeding from an external injury or from internal bleeding, such as from an ulcer in the stomach
A deficiency of iron in the diet

17. Blood Types Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type
Recall from chap 5
Determine by the presence (or absence) of different sugars (markers) on the cell membranes or red blood cells.
2 markers: A and B

18. Rh Factor
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The Rhesus Factor
Another inherited factor
Affects the compatibility of blood types
Rhesus factor is an antigen on RBC membranes that produces an antibody reaction.
Present are said to be Rh-positive (85% of population); absent are said to be Rh-negative (15%)
Rh-negative may donate their blood to, but should not receive blood from Rh-positive blood.