1. The Science of Psychology
Chapter 1
The Science of Psychology
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2. Chapter Preview Defining psychology and exploring its roots
Contemporary approaches to psychology
Psychology’s scientific method
Types of psychological research
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3. Chapter Preview Research samples and settings
Conducting ethical research
Learning about psychology means learning about you
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4. Chapter Preview Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Key terms
Science
Behavior
Mental processes
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5. Psychological Frame of Mind
Attitudes of scientific approach
Critical thinking
Curiosity
Skepticism
Objectivity
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6. Science of All Human Behavior
Diverse field
Understanding truths of human life in all dimensions
Includes people’s best and worst experiences
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7. Figure 1.1 - Settings in Which Psychologists Work
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8. Historical Perspective
Western philosophy
Biology and physiology
Wilhelm Wundt and structuralism
William James and functionalism
Charles Darwin and natural selection
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9. Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
German philosopher-physician
First psychology laboratory (1879)
Identify elements, or structures, of mental processes
Introspection
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10. Functionalism William James (1842-1910)
American psychologist and philosopher
Identify purposes, or functions, of the mind
Why is human thought adaptive?
Natural flow of thought, or stream of consciousness
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11. Evolution & Natural Selection
Charles Darwin ( )
British naturalist
Natural selection is adaptive and functional
Nature favors traits that promote reproduction and survival
Successful characteristics become dominant
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12. Contemporary Approaches
Biological
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Sociocultural
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13. Biological Approach Focus on brain and nervous system Neuroscience
Structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry of nervous system
Brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion
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14. Behavioral Approach
Emphasis on observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants
Notable behaviorists
John B. Watson ( )
B.F. Skinner ( )
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15. Psychodynamic Approach
Emphasis on:
Unconscious impulses
Conflict between biological drives and society
Childhood family experiences
Founding father:
Sigmund Freud ( )
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16. Humanistic Approach Emphasis on: Notable humanistic psychologists
Positive human qualities
Capacity for positive growth
Freedom to choose any destiny
Notable humanistic psychologists
Carl Rogers (1961)
Abraham Maslow (1971)
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17. Cognitive Approach Emphasis on mental processes involved in knowing
How we:
Direct attention
Perceive, remember, think
Solve problems
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18. Evolutionary Approach
Use of evolutionary ideas such as:
Adaptation
Reproduction
Natural selection
Used as a basis for explaining specific human behaviors
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19. Sociocultural Approach
Examination of ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior
Focus on comparisons of behavior across:
Countries
Ethnic and cultural groups within countries
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20. Figure 1.3 - Steps in the Scientific Method
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21. Scientific Method: Observation
Choose a variable
Phenomenon studied by scientists
Anything that can change
Develop a theory
Idea that attempts to explain observations
Seeks to explain why something happened
Can be used to make predictions
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22. Scientific Method: Hypothesis
Formulate a hypothesis
Educated guess derived from theory
Prediction that can be tested
Can lend credibility to theory
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23. Scientific Method: Research
Establish an operational definition
Objective description of variable
Collect and analyze data
Number crunching
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24. Scientific Method: Conclusions
Draw conclusions
Is theory supported?
Should theory be changed?
Evaluate conclusions
Publication and review
Ongoing research process
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25. Types of Psychological Research
Descriptive research
Finding out about some variable
Correlational research
Discovering relationships between variables
Experimental research
Establishing causal relationships
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26. Descriptive Research
Describing some phenomemon, without answering questions of how and why
Observation
Surveys and interviews
Case studies
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27. Correlational Research
Examining whether and how variables are related and change together
Correlation Coefficient: ≤ r ≤ 1.00
Strength: Number
Direction: Sign
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28. Figure 1.4 - Scatter Plots Showing Positive and Negative Correlations
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29. Correlation and Causation
Correlation ≠ causation
Third variable problem
Some other variable accounts for relationship between two variables
Third variables also called confounds
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30. Longitudinal Designs
Obtaining measures of variables of interest in multiple waves over time
Can suggest potential causal relationships
Causal variable would come first in time
Causal relationships are not completely clear
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31. Experimental Research
Determining whether causal relationship exists between variables
Experiment
Manipulation of one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable
Random Assignment
Researchers assign participants to groups by chance
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32. Experiments and Causation
Random assignment helps establish causation
Independent variables  manipulated
Dependent variables  measured
Experimental groups
Experience manipulation
Control groups
Serve as baseline for comparison
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33. Experimental Research: Validity
External validity
Do experimental results apply, or generalize, to real world?
Internal validity
Are changes in dependent variables due to independent variables?
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34. Experimental Research: Bias
Experimenter bias
Demand characteristics
Research participant bias
Placebo effect
Double-blind experiment
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35. Figure 1.5 - Psychology’s Research Methods Applied to Studying Social Media Use
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36. Research Samples Population Sample
Random samples likely to be representative of population
To allow generalizing of research results
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37. Research Settings Laboratory research Naturalistic observation
Control, but with some drawbacks
Naturalistic observation
Real-world setting
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38. Ethical Research History: World war II
Research participants have certain rights
Human participants
Animal research
Institutional review board (IRB)
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39. APA Ethics Guidelines Informed consent Confidentiality Debriefing
Deception
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40. Psychology and You Avoid generalizing based on little information
Distinguish between group results and individual needs
Look for answers beyond a single study
Avoid attributing causes where none have been found
Consider source of psychological information
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