2. Salamander
diversity

3. Sirenidae two genera, 4 species SE USA elongate, paedomorphic
external gills, lack eyelids
nonpedicellate teeth
lack pelvic girdle, hindimbs
aquatic
external fertilization

4. Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma tigrinum

5. Proteidae: Necturus maculosus

6. Sirenidae: Siren lacertina

7. Amphiumidae: Amphiuma means

8. Cryptobranchidae: Andrias japonicus

9. Cryptobranchidae: Andrias japonicus

10. Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa dofleini

11. Tongue projection in Plethodontid salamanders
Hydromantes

12. Tongue projection in Plethodontid salamanders

13. Plethodontidae: Ensatina escholtzi
Aposematism and
Batesian mimicry
Salamandridae: Taricha torosa

14. Place clay models in a forest
where both Ensatina and Taricha
are found
two model colors (brown, orange)
454 models
Leave for three weeks
Count number damaged by predators

15. Place clay models in a forest
where both Ensatina and Taricha
are found
two model colors (brown, orange)
454 models
Leave for three weeks
Count number damaged by predators
46 brown models attacked, 25 orange
P = 0.007

16. Phylogeny of Amphibians

17. Gymnophiona

18. Caecilian synapomorphies
No limbs, girdles
Annuli
Solidified skull with
Eyes reduced/absent
Fusion of bones
Roofed, few/no fossa
Tentacle
Phallodeum
Siphonops annulatus

19. Caecilian synapomorphies
No limbs, reduced or absent girdles
Annuli
Solidified skull with
Eyes reduced/absent
Fusion of bones
Roofed, reduced fossa
Tentacles
Phallodeum

20. Caecilian synapomorphies
No limbs, reduced or absent girdles
Annuli
Solidified skull with
Eyes reduced/absent
Fusion of bones
Roofed, few/no fossa
Tentacle
Phallodeum

21. Caecilian synapomorphies
No limbs, reduced or absent girdles
Annuli
Solidified skull with
Eyes reduced/absent
Fusion of bones
Roofed, few/no fossa
Tentacle
Phallodeum

22. Caecilian reproduction
Internal fertilization
Oviparity or viviparity
Eggs aquatic or terrestrial
Larvae or direct development
Parental care 22

23. Caecilian reproduction
Parental care 23

24. Variability between caecilian species
Position of tentacle
Position of mouth
Primary, secondary, tertiary annuli
Skull
Zygokrotaphic
Stegokrotaphic
Presence/absence of tail
Aquatic/fossorial

25. Eocaecilia micropodia

26. Figure 5. Alternative hypotheses for the evolution of the open temporal region in extant lissamphibians.
Maddin HC, Jenkins FA Jr, Anderson JS (2012) The Braincase of Eocaecilia micropodia (Lissamphibia, Gymnophiona) and the Origin of Caecilians. PLOS ONE 7(12): e doi: /journal.pone

27. Gymnophiona: Scolecomorphidae: Scolecomorphus kirkii

28. Rhinatrematidae: Epicrionops

29. Typhlonectidae: Typhlonectes natans