1. Topic 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
Essential idea: Living organisms control their composition by a complex web of chemical reactions.

2. 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
Nature of science: Falsification of theories—the artificial synthesis of urea helped to falsify vitalism. (1.9)
Understandings
Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substance involved
Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist
Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers
Applications and skills
Application: Urea as an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized
Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid
Skill: Identification of biochemical such as sugars, lipids, or amino acids from molecular diagrams

3. U 2.1.1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substance involved
It was once believed that living and non-living things were made of different substances
What was the theory of vitalism?
Theory that living organisms were made of organic chemicals that could only be found in living things because a vital force was needed
This was proven false
We now know that living and non-living organisms are composed of the same chemical and physical forces
What is a better explanation as to why living and non-living things are different?
Natural selection

4. U 2.1.2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist
What is an atom?
Single particle of an element, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
These bonds can be single, double, or triple
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element would be nitrogen and a compound would be carbon dioxide
What molecule are living things based on?
Living organisms are based on carbon
Why is carbon important?
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

5. U 2.1.3 Life is based on carbon compounds
What does organic mean?
Contains carbon
What are the main types of molecules used by living organisms?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What are some other types of elements that are important in life besides carbon?
Hydrogen (1 bond)
Oxygen (2 bonds)
Nitrogen (3 bonds)

6. U 2.1.4 Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
What is metabolism?
Chemical reactions that maintain a living organism
What are metabolic pathways?
Series of chemical reactions catalyzes by enzymes where the product of one acts as a substrate for another
Chains or cycles

7. U 2.1.5 Anabolism What is an anabolic reaction?
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
Monomers  macromolecules
What is a condensation reaction?
Anabolic reaction where water is produced

8. U 2.1.6 Catabolism What is a catabolic reaction?
Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
Macromolecules  monomers
What are hydrolysis reactions?
Catabolic reactions were water molecules are split

9. A Urea as an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized
Urea was evidence that the theory of vitalism was false
Urea is made by living organisms but can also be made synthetically
1828 German Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea using isocyanate and ammonium chloride
First time an organic molecule had be artificially made
What molecule is this? 

10. Crash course in skeletal structures
Skeletal structures are short hand ways of writing organic molecules
Each “point” is a carbon
Aromatic compound

11. S Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid, and a generalized amino acid

12. S 2.1.2 Identification of biochemical such as sugars, lipids, or amino acids from molecular diagrams
Sugar- monosaccharide
Lipid- triglyceride
Sugar- disaccharide

13. Phospholipid
Steroid- Testosterone
Polypeptide

14. Essential idea: Water is the medium of life.
Topic 2.2 Water
Essential idea: Water is the medium of life.

15. 2.2 Water
Nature of science: Use theories to explain natural phenomena—the theory that hydrogen bonds form between water molecules explains the properties of water. (2.2)
Understandings
Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them
Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water
Substance can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Applications and Skills
Application: Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane
Application: Use of water as a coolant in sweat
Application: Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water

16. U 2.2.1 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them
What is polarity?
When a molecule has a slight positive charge at one end and a slight negative charge at the other
What atoms are slightly positive and water atoms are slightly negative on a water molecule?
Hydrogens = positive (+)
Oxygen = negative (-)
What is dipolarity?
Water is polar and has two ends and is thus a dipole

17. U 2.2.1 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them
What are hydrogen bonds?
When a negative charge is attracted to the positive charge of hydrogen
So the negative charge of the oxygen atom can be attracted to the positive charge of the hydrogens in water
When hydrogen bonds are made is energy released or used?
Released
When hydrogen bonds break is energy released or used?
Used

18. U Properties of Water
Water is unique and makes life on earth possible
1. Cohesion
Water sticks to itself due to hydrogen bonds
Allows water to move up xylem in plants
2. Adhesion
Water sticks to other surfaces due to dipolarity
Surface tension
3. Water has high heat capacity
Water has a high melting point and high boiling point so it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water
Allows water to be a liquid most of the time
4. Water is the universal solvent
Many substances dissolve in water due to its polarity
It can dissolve polar and ionic molecules
Water can be used for metabolic pathways

19. Condensation Reactions
What is a condensation reaction?
When two molecules are combines to make a larger molecule + water
Anabolic reaction
Example: amino acids form a polypeptide and are joined by a peptide bond
Used for to build carbohydrates and lipids
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Fatty acid + glycerol = glyceride
Three fatty acids + glycerol = triglyceride

20. Hydrolysis Reactions What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, water is used
Reverse of a condensation reaction
Water is split into –H and –OH (lysis= splitting)
the –H and –OH are used to make new bonds
Catabolic reactions
Examples:
Polypeptide + water  dipeptide or amino acid
Polysaccharide + water  disaccharide or monosaccharide
Glycerides + water  fatty acids + glycerol

21. U 2.2.3 Substance can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic
What is hydrophilic?
Substances that are attracted to water
Water loving
Examples?
Ionic compounds, polar compounds
What is hydrophobic?
Substances that are not attracted to water
Water fearing
Nonpolar molecules, oils, lipids, insoluble in water

22. A 2.2.1 Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane
Purpose is to compare the importance of hydrogen bonding
Methane CH4 has a similar molecular mass to water but has weaker intramolecular forces
Hydrogen bonds restrict movement of water molecules so a lot more heat is needed to break melt ice
Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization
A lot more energy is needed to break hydrogen bonds
PROPERTY
METHANE CH4
WATER H20
Melting Point
-182⁰ C
O⁰ C
Boiling Point
-160⁰ C
100⁰ C
Specific Heat Capacity
2.2 J/g/⁰C
4.2 J/g/⁰C
Latent Heat of Vaporization
760 J/g
2256 J/g

23. A 2.2.2 Use of water as a coolant in sweat
When you exercise or do anything in high temperatures that increases body temperature you sweat
How is sweat a coolant?
When water evaporates hydrogen bonds are broken
Heat is needed to do this so when the sweat evaporate from the skin it removes the heat

24. A Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water
1. Glucose
Polar and can be dissolved in blood plasma
2. Amino acids
3. Cholesterol
Non-polar and insoluble in water, transported as lipoproteins
Lipoprotein- small droplet, phospholipids and proteins coat the cholesterol molecule
4. Fats
5. Oxygen
Non-polar and will bind to the hemoglobin in red blood cells
6. Sodium chloride
Soluble in water and is transported as Na+ and Cl- ions