1. Thomas DeSena Dr. Steven Wininger
Examinations of Future Time Perspective, Self Determination Theory, and Self-Talk as Correlates of Exercise Behavior
Thomas DeSena
Dr. Steven Wininger

2. U.S. Health Facts 60% of Americans are Obese
Only 25% of Adults exercise regularly
Kentucky leads the nation in heart disease related deaths

3. An Overview of Constructs
Exercise Adherence
Transtheoretical Model
Self Determination Theory
Exercise Motivation Scale
Self-Talk

4. Exercise
Exercise is any planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movements
Used to improve or maintain Physical Fitness
Examples:
-- Jogging
--Sports
--Walking the Hill for class is NOT exercise

5. Exercise Adherence Frequency—How often per week
Duration—How long per session
Intensity---At what level of intensity

6. Transtheoretical Model aka: stages of change
Precontemplation
(I do not plan to exercise)
Contemplation
(I have been currently thinking about exercising)
Preparation
(I exercise some, but not regularly)
Action
(I exercise regularly)
Maintenance
(I have been exercising regularly for at least 6 months)
Strategies suggested for each stage?

7. SELF DETERMINATION THEORY

8. Self-Determination Theory (cont.)
Previous research has indicated that different subtypes of motivation along the SDT continuum are differentially related to
exercise behavior
behavioral intentions to exercise

9. Future Time Perspective
Measures the present anticipation of Future Goals (Simons, Vansteenkiste, Lens and Lacante, 2004)
Zimbardo’s FTP scale
CFC Scale

10. Self-Talk
Self Talk, is best thought of as what you say to yourself. You may talk to yourself out loud or you may talk to yourself in your mind, so that only you can hear what you are saying (Gammage, Hardy, & Hall, 2001).

11. Purpose
Examine potential differences for these constructs across Stages of Change
AND
Examine relationships among these constructs and exercise frequency

12. Methods Transtheoretical Model Measures 317 participants
Precontemplation 10
Contemplation 53
Preparation 131
Action 69
Maintenance 53
317 participants
--109 male 205 female
Mean age—20.34
Measures
Transtheoretical Model
Exercise Motivation Scale
Zimbardo’s FTP scale
CFC scale
Self-Talk

13. Results Differences across Stages of Change Future Time Perspective

14. Results Differences across Stages of Change Self-talk frequency

15. Results Differences across Stages of Change
Extrinsic forms of motivation
h2 = .25
h2 = .03
h2 = .34
h2 = .15
h2 = .04

16. Results Differences across Stages of Change
Amotivation and Intrinsic forms of motivation
h2 = .30
h2 = .17
h2 = .29
h2 = .16

17. Results Correlations between constructs and exercise frequency CFC .21
FTP .19
Amotivation -.35
External (not significant)
Introjected .25
Identified .32
Integrated .42
IM-Learn .24
IM-Accompl .37
IM-Sensation .37
All correlations are significant at p < .01 except External

18. Conclusions
Those who engage in exercise also are more future-time oriented
Those who engage in exercise tend to be more intrinsically motivated
Questions ?