3. Jesus’ death by crucifixion is attested to by multiple ancient sources
The Gospels
Matthew – Apostle, eyewitness
Mark – Pupil of Apostle Peter
Luke – Careful investigator of known facts
John – Apostle, eyewitness
Ancient non-Biblical sources
Josephus, Antiquities 18: Chapter 3
Tacitus, Annals 15.44
Lucian of Samosata, Peregrinus, 11, 13
The Talmud, English Translation (2000), 114

4. The reports of Jesus’ death by crucifixion are early
Early sermons
Acts 2:22-36
Acts 3:11-16
Acts 7:51-53
Early writings
Galatians 2:20-21
1 Corinthians 2:1-5
Oral Traditions
1 Corinthians 15:3-8
Dated within 3-5 years after the resurrection

5. The Bible accounts of Jesus’ crucifixion are in agreement with other accounts of Roman crucifixion
Scourging / whipping prior to crucifixion
Josephus, Antiquities 12: Chapter 5
Matt 27:26; Mark 15:15; Luke 18:33; John 19:1
Punishment of an inhuman nature
Josephus, Antiquities 13: Chapter 14
Matt 27:27-31; Mark 15:16-20; Luke 23:33-38; John 19:1-7

6. The Bible accounts of Jesus’ crucifixion are in agreement with other accounts of Roman crucifixion
An examination prior to the crucifixion order
Josephus, Antiquities 18: Chapter 3
Matt 27:11-14; Mark 15:1-5; Luke 23:1-7; John 18:28-38
The bodies of the crucified were removed before sundown
Josephus, Jewish War 4: Chapter 5
Deuteronomy 21:22-23; John 19:31-33

7. The Bible accounts of Jesus’ crucifixion are in agreement with other accounts of Roman crucifixion
The condemned were nailed to the cross
Josephus, War 5: Chapter 11
The remains of Yohanan with 7-inch nail
Psalm 22:16; Luke 24:36-40; John 20:24-28

8. The probability of surviving Roman crucifixion is very low
Scourging
39 lashes with a whip
Hypovolemic shock
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 4, chap. 15
Medical evidence of the crucifixion
Death by asphyxiation
The spear wound
One documented survivor
Josephus, Life 76
“Greatest care available” = 33% survival rate