1. Skeletal Remains
BONES NEVER LIE

2. Skeleton
Axial Skeleton:
Skull
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum (breast bone)

3. Axial Skeleton-Skull Frontal Parietal Temporal Maxillae Occipital
Mandible

4. Axial Skeleton Vertebrae: 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae

5. Axial Skeleton Ribs: 12 pairs:
10 pairs connect to breast bone via cartilage
2 pairs are “floating ribs”

6. Axial Skeleton Sacrum= 5 fused vertebrae below lumbar
Coccyx= 3-5 rudiments of vertebrae (tail)

7. Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton: Arms Legs Hip bones (Pelvic Girdle)
Shoulder bones (Pectoral Girdle)

8. Appendicular Skeleton
Clavicle= collar bone
Scapula= shoulder blade
Humurus= upper arm
Ulna= inner bone of lower arm
Radius= outer bone of lower arm

9. Appendicular skeleton
Carpals= 8 wrist bones
Metacarpals= palm bones
Phalanges= fingers
Innominate= hip bone
Femur= thigh bone

10. Appendicular Skeleton
Patella= knee bone
Tibia= shin bone
Fibula= thin lower leg bone
Tarsels= 7 posterior foot bones
Metatarsels= long bones of foot

11. What can we determine from skeletal remains?

12. 1. SEX
Which is the male?
Which is the female?

13. Dimorphism- female (left) and male (right)

14. Male vs. Female hips- male (left) and female (right), note difference in sciatic notch angles

15. Male vs. Female skulls- male (left) and female (right)

16. Genus/species of Bone
Human vs. bear, deer and dog femurs

17. Race left to right- Asian, African and White Also Differences in
Dentition

18. Age Pubic Symphysis Wear Patterns

19. Age From Teeth

21. 4. Pathology
Scalping

22. Bone Tumor

23. Bullet exit from skull

24. Tibia fractured by bullet

25. Determining the appearance of a person from its skull

26. Facial Reconstruction

27. Facial Reconstruction
From reference tables can determine thickness of skin

28. Facial Reconstruction
Add clay

29. Facial Reconstruction
Make adjustments for age and any known appearances of father

30. Facial Reconstruction
Pick a hair style and finish off