ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
There are a few rules you need to know about comparative and superlative adjectives. RULES EXAMPLE Short vowel? Double the consonant. Ends with “y”? Change to “i“ + “er”. 3 or more syllables? “more”, no “er”. There are some exceptions. big (bigger), hot (hotter) friendly (friendlier), tiny (tinier) important (more important) good (better), bad (worse)

The first noun usually refers to the adjective better. COMPARATIVE BIG Tokyo is bigger than Taipei. FRIENDLY Dogs are friendlier than wolves. IMPORTANT Homework is more important than playtime. GOOD My test score is better than your test score.

Superlatives follow the same rules as comparatives. SUPERLATIVES BIG Russia is the biggest country in the world. FRIENDLY Dogs are the friendliest animal. IMPORTANT Chinese is the most important language in Taiwan. GOOD Chocolate is the best food.

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES MORE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
-ful (playful, colourful, joyful) -ed (scared, bored, tired) -ing (boring, interesting) afraid fun good/bad more playful, the most playful more tired, the most tired more boring, the most boring more afraid, the most afraid more fun, the most fun better/worse, the best/the worst

Adjectives can be used for ONE noun. Comparatives are used to talk about TWO nouns (or more). Superlatives are used to talk about the TOP noun in a GROUP of nouns. Normally, you add “er” for comparatives and “est” for superlatives. If you don’t know how to make an adjective into a comparatives or superlative, just use “er” or “est”. DO NOT USE “MORE” AND “THE MOST” FOR ADJECTIVES YOU DON’T KNOW! For “more” and “the most” there are some rules: If it has three-or-more syllables. The word ends with a suffix (-ed, -ing, -ful, -able, -ive, -ic, -al, -ous, -less, -ent). It’s irregular: “good”, “bad”, “far”, “little”, “much/many”

_____er than more _____ _____est the most _____
ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES REMEMBER YOU HAVE 4 CHOICES _____er than more _____ the _____est most _____ You cannot mix and match these.

EVERY ADJECTIVE HAS A COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE. big (bigger than, the biggest) tall (taller than, the tallest) fun (more fun than, the most fun) helpful (more helpful than, the most helpful) boring (more boring than, the most boring) tired (more tired than, the most tired) good (better than, the best) bad (worse than, the worst) A B C tall taller the tallest

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES the least + adjective + of/in
There are other types of comparisons that you need to know, though: less + adjective + than This is the opposite of “er/more + than”. It works for both types: He is less nice than his sister. She is less interesting than her brother. the least + adjective + of/in This is the opposite of “est/the most”. It works for both types: He is the least friendly of all my friends. She is the least helpful in the class.

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES
There are other types of comparisons that you need to know, though: as + adjective + as This means that two things are the adjective, at the same level. I am as tall as you. They are as interesting as us. not as + adjective + as This has the same meaning as “less + adjective + than”, where (A) is less than (B). We are not as smart as you. This book isn’t as boring as that book.

ADVERBS NOUN ADJECTIVE VERB ADVERB Nouns are a person, place or thing.
An adjective gives more information about nouns. Verbs say what a noun is/does. An adverb gives more information about verbs. There are four (4) kinds of adverbs: Manner Frequency Place Time NOUN ADJECTIVE VERB ADVERB

ADVERBS ADJECTIVE ADVERB
Normally you can change adjectives into adverbs by adding “ly”. (ex. He is quiet. He is working quietly.) ADJECTIVE ADVERB Excited High Slow Quick Gentle Careful Nice Excitedly Highly Slowly Quickly Gently Carefully Nicely

ADVERBS ADVERBS Adverbs give us more information about a verb.
They (almost) always come after the verb they are describing. They can talk about how, where or when you do something. ADVERBS We are working together on our homework. You need to sit quietly. He is playing outside. Put your hand up! I will do my homework later. The test will start soon.

ADVERBS There are four (4) kinds of adverbs that you need to know.
These are used to give us more information about verbs. Adverbs of Manner These answer how you do something. Adverbs of Frequency These answer how often you do something. Adverbs of Place These answer where you do something. Adverbs of Time These answer when you do something.

There are four (4) kinds of adverbs that you need to know.
Here are some examples MANNER quietly, terribly, carefully, noisily, loudly, quickly FREQUENCY always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never PLACE out, inside, over here, up there, everywhere TIME tomorrow, last night, later, all day, now

ADVERBS You also need to be able to convert a noun and adjective into a verb and adverb. “The boy is a runner” has the same meaning as “The boy runs”. That’s because the verb is the main action of the noun. A teacher teaches. A worker works. A runner runs. We can also give more information about the noun using adjectives. The teacher is quiet. He is a quiet teacher. The worker is smart. She is a smart worker. The runner is quick. He is a quick runner. By changing the adjectives into adverbs we get this: A quiet teacher teaches quietly. A smart worker works smartly. A quick runner runs quickly.

ADVERBS So if we make the stand alone sentences, can you make these adjective-noun sentences into verb-adverb sentences? I am a beautiful singer. She is a patient helper. We are correct writers. He is a close listener.

ADVERBS So if we make the stand alone sentences, can you make these adjective-noun sentences into verb-adverb sentences? I am a beautiful singer. I sing beautifully. She is a patient helper. She helps patiently. We are correct writers. We write correctly. He is a close listener. He listens closely.

ADVERBS There are, of course, some exceptions to the rules you need to know for adverbs. And they’re really exceptional: Late: Late is both the adjective and adverb form. (He is late. He came late.) Lately: Lately means “recently” or “short time ago”. (What have you done lately?) Hard: Hard is both the adjective and adverb form. (He works hard on his homework.) Hardly: Hardly means “barely”, “almost”, “not at all”. (I can hardly speak Chinese.)

ADVERBS ADJECTIVE ADVERB
You also need to be able to make comparatives and superlatives with adverbs, since they can be adjective, too. The rules are slightly different: If it’s one syllable (or the word early) “+er” or “the +est”. (fast, faster, fastest) (2) More than two syllables “more/less” or “the most/the least”. (slowly, more slowly, the most slowly) (carefully, less carefully, the least carefully) ADJECTIVE ADVERB nice, nicer, the nicest quiet, quieter, the quietest tired, more tired, the most tired nicely, more nicely, the most nicely quietly, more quietly, the most quietly tiredly, more tiredly, the most tiredly

ADVERBS ADJECTIVE ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Here are more exceptions. These ones are for comparative adverbs. ADJECTIVE ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE good bad much little far well badly much little farther/further better than worse than more than less than farther than further than the best the worst the most the least the farthest the furthest

QUESTIONS There are two types of questions: open and closed questions.
Closed questions are easiest. The answer is always “yes” or “no”. Closed questions start with a verb (either “be” or a helping verb). We invert (flip) the subject and verb (or helping verb). You are from Canada. Are you from Canada? He ate my hamburger. Did he eat my hamburger? Open questions can have any kind of answer, because they start with a question word. But how you make the question depends on what information you want. Here are the question words you need to know…

QUESTIONS There are 8* question words that you need to know the meaning of: Who? (Answer: People) Whose? (Answer: Person something belongs to) What? (Answer: Nouns/Things, Jobs, Animals, etc.) Which? (Answer: Noun in a group) Where? (Answer: Place) When? (Answer: Time) Why? (Answer: Reason, Because…) How? (Answer: Method, The Tool To Do Something, About Health)

QUESTIONS “How” has many other choices, that have different meanings:
How? How old? How much? How many? How often? These question words go at the beginning of the sentence. How you form the rest of the sentence depends on what information you need. Mr. Matt ate the pizza. Here we have a simple subject-verb-object sentence. If it is the subject that we need, we simply replace it with the right question word: Who ate the pizza?

QUESTIONS When we are looking for the object, it gets a little different. Mr. Matt ate the pizza. Some people will do the same as before when they speak: Mr. Matt ate what? When you write though, the question word always comes first. But to tell a subject question from an object question, we must invert or use a helping verb to make the question. What ate Mr. Matt? What did Mr. Matt eat? When you see an inverted verb, or a helping verb after the question word, the answer is always an object.

QUESTIONS There are some things you should know about these question words: Where? Because the answer to this question is a noun, when you make a subject question, you must use “what” like: What place sells ice cream? What bookstore has English books? Why? This can only be an object question, and is usually followed by a clause (S.V.O.) How? This can only be an object question. It also has the same meaning as “What…like?” How was Paris? What was Paris like?

ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
WHAT’S IMPORTANT ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES Adjectives = 1 noun Comparatives = 2+ nouns Superlatives = #1 noun in a group For comparatives add “er” and for superlatives “est”. Add “more” for comparative and “the most” for superlative if: The adjective ends in: -ed, -ing, -ful, -able, -ive, -ic, -al, -ous, -less, -ent It’s 3-or-more syllables. It’s “good”, “bad”, “much/many”, “far”, “little” “less + adjective + than” is the same as “not as +adjective + as”. Both are the opposite of “more than/-er than”. “the least + adjective” is the opposite of “the most/the –est”. “as + adjective + as” means they are the same. A > B A < B A = B

WHAT’S IMPORTANT ADVERBS
Adverbs answer the questions “where?” (place), “when?” (time), “how often?” (frequency) and “how?” (manner). Adverbs give you more information about a verb. Normally, you just as “-ly” to an adjective. Hardly, lately and badly are not the adverbs of hard, late, and bad. Nouns change into verbs, and adjectives change into adverbs. (Nice teachers teach nicely). Adverbs usually come after the verb (except for frequency “how often?”). For comparative and superlative adverbs: One-syllable adverbs get “er than” and “the –est”. Two-syllable-or-more words get “more” and “the most”.

SUBJECT/OBJECT QUESTIONS
WHAT’S IMPORTANT SUBJECT/OBJECT QUESTIONS For subject questions, you simply remove the noun and replace it with a question word: who, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how, how much, how many, how often, how long… For object questions, you have to invert the verb if it’s “be”-verb (you are -> are you). If it’s any other verb, you need to use “do” as a helping verb (you ate -> did you eat). If you don’t know, it’s usually an object question. (where, when, why, how; they are only for object questions)

CLAUSES (COMPLEX SENTENCES)
SENTENCE TYPES CLAUSES (COMPLEX SENTENCES) Sometimes when you combine two sentences, one can only happen if the other half happens. Even though I was tired, I watched the movie. Before and after the comma are clauses (sentences within a sentence). One clause cannot happen without the other clause. “I watched the movie” is the independent clause, because it can be written by itself and doesn’t require an explanation. “Even though I was tired” is dependent, because it only make sense as a sentence when it’s combined with the independent clause.

SENTENCE TYPES CLAUSES (COMPLEX SENTENCES) Here are sentences with a dependent and independent clause. Which part is independent? Which is dependent? (NOTE: When the dependent clause comes first you need a comma). Though he was tired, he watched the late night movie. Tom flew his kite while the wind was blowing. Because it was raining, I took my umbrella. After dinner, I did my homework. I won the race despite having a broken leg.

SENTENCE TYPES CLAUSES (COMPLEX SENTENCES) Notice when we combine clauses, we have a word that introduces the dependent clause (and if it comes first, we use a comma before the independent clause). Though he was tired, he watched the late night movie. Tom flew his kite while the wind was blowing. Because it was raining, I took my umbrella. After dinner, I did my homework. I won the race despite having a broken leg. Make sentences using these words (subordinating clauses): 1. before 2. if 3. while 4.during 5.whenever

WHAT’S IMPORTANT SENTENCE TYPES
There are four kinds of simple sentence: statement, question, command exclamation For compound sentences use: and, or, but. You can combine subjects, predicates, or clauses together with these words. For complex sentences you have dependent and independent clauses. Clauses are sentences inside a sentence. An independent clause can be a sentence by itself. A dependent clause only makes sense together with an independent clause. If the dependent clause comes first you need a comma. If it’s second, you don’t. In complex sentences we use words like: though, because, while, when, after/before, despite,

WHAT’S IMPORTANT SENTENCE TYPES SIMPLE SENTENCES:
Statement, Question, Command, Exclamation COMPOUND SENTENCES: …and…, …or…, …but… COMPLEX SENTENCES: (independent clause) (dependent clause) (dependent clause) , (independent clause) (though, while, before/after, when, during, if, despite…)

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

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