1. and Policies for Development of Indigenous Peoples in Chile
Poverty Conditions
and Policies for Development of Indigenous Peoples in Chile
May 2003

2. Presentation Outline
Institutional Framework for Indigenous Development Policies
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples
Poverty Conditions of Indigenous Peoples
Policies for Indigenous Development
Programs for Indigenous Development
Main Challenges

3. Institutional Framework for Indigenous Development Policies
In 1993, the Indigenous Law no was enacted. It promotes respect, protection, and development of indigenous peoples.
The National Corporation of Indigenous Development (CONADI) was created as a result of the indigenous law. This entity implements government’s policies for indigenous people and communities under supervision of the Ministry of Planning and Cooperation.
In March 2002, MIDEPLAN’s vice-minister was made responsible for the coordination of indigenous development policies.

4. Institutional Framework for Indigenous Development Policies State Role According to the Indigenous Law
“The obligation of Chile’s citizens, and especially of the State is to respect, protect and promote the development of indigenous people, and their culture, their families and their communities...”
(Indigenous Law. Chile General Principles, Article 1)

5. Institutional Framework for Indigenous Development Policies Recognition of the Indigenous Condition
“The State recognizes that Chilean indigenous people descend from pre-Columbine groups and preserve ethnic and cultural attributes; land is the foundation for their existence and culture.”
(Indigenous Law. Chile General Principles, Article 1)

6. Institutional Framework for Indigenous Development Policies Recognition of the Indigenous Condition
The Chilean State recognizes the indigenous condition, but it does not recognize the existence of Indigenous Peoples

7. Indigenous Groups in Chile
The Chilean State recognizes the following indigenous groups:
Mapuche
Aymara
Rapa Nui
Atacameña
Quechua
Colla
Kawashkar o Alacalufe
Yamana o Yagan

8. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples
The number of people who belong to an indigenous group in Chile is They represent 4,6% of the total population.
(Source: Population and Household Census, National Institute of Statistics)

9. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples Composition of the Indigenous Population
The Mapuche group represents 87,3% of the indigenous population and is concentrated in the southern region of the country (Bío Bío, Araucanía, and Lakes regions) and in the Metropolitan area.
The Aymara group represents 7% of the indigenous population and the Atacameña group represents 3%; both groups are concentrated in the northern region.

10. Source: Population and Household Census, 2002.
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples Composition of the Indigenous Population
Ethnic Group
No. %
Total
100,0
Alacalufe
2.622
0,4
Atacameño
21.015
3,0
Aymara
48.501
7,0
Colla
3.198
0,5
Mapuche
87,3
Quechua
6.175
0,9
Rapa Nui
4.647
0,7
Yámana
1.685
0,2
Source: Population and Household Census, 2002.

11. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples Age and Gender
Indigenous male population represents 50,4% of the total indigenous population
Their average age structure is lower than the non-indigenous population

12. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples Geographic Distribution
More than sixty percent (62,8%) of the total indigenous population live in urban areas
Thirty percent live in the Araucanía Region (south of Chile), and 28% live in the Metropolitan area.

13. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chile’s Indigenous Peoples Geographic Distribution
Indigenous and Non-indigenous Population
Distribution living in urban and rural areas
86.9%
37.2%
62.8%
13.1% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
PNI PI
Urban
Rural
Source: CASEN Survey 2000, MIDEPLAN

14. Poverty Situation of the Indigenous Population Poverty Line
Almost one third of the indigenous population live in poverty situation and extreme poverty. This sums twelve percentage points more than the poverty levels of non-indigenous population.
The proportion of indigenous population living in extreme poverty doubles that of non-indigenous population.

15. Poverty Situation of Indigenous Population Poverty Line20 40 60 80
100
Extreme
Poor
Total poor
Non-poor
Non-indigenous.
Indigenous.
Source: CASEN Survey 2000, MIDEPLAN

16. Poverty Situation of Indigenous Population Urban-Rural Settlement
The percentage of indigenous population of rural areas living in extreme poverty is 14,7% or almost as twice as the percentage of non-indigenous rural population.
Source: CASEN Survey 2000, MIDEPLAN

17. Poverty Situation of Indigenous Population Poverty Levels 1996-2000
Between 1996 and 2000, poverty levels of indigenous and non-indigenous population decreased.
However, extreme poverty levels slightly increased.
Source: CASEN Survey 2000, MIDEPLAN

18. Indigenous population have lower income levels
Poverty Situation of Indigenous Population Autonomous and Monetary Income
Indigenous population have lower income levels
There is a wider gap in non-poor households

19. Poverty Situation of Indigenous Population Income Quintiles

20. Indigenous Development Policy
Guidelines

21. Indigenous Development Policy Guidelines
Recognition of Diversity
Inter-Culturalism
Ethnic-centered Development or Development with Identity
Positive Discrimination
Participation

22. Indigenous Development Policy 1.- Recognition of Diversity
The unity of the nation is built upon diversity.
The Chilean society manifests its diversity through the capacity to recognize itself as multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, and multi-lingual.

23. Indigenous Development Policy 2.- Inter-Culturalism
Inter-culturalism serves as a channel of communication and understanding between different ethnic groups that form the Chilean society.

24. Indigenous Development Policy 3.- Development with Identity
Promotion of development to combat poverty, marginality, and exclusion; recognition of indigenous peoples’ characteristics and the right to lead their development process according to their culture and traditions.

25. Indigenous Development Policy 4.- Positive Discrimination
Indigenous peoples have been strongly discriminated by Chilean society
The Chilean State is aware of the ethical implication of discrimination
Inititation of a policy that seeks to achieve effective equality, beyond its legal or formal definition.
Take into account special needs that can only be met through specific policies.

26. Indigenous Development Policy 5.- Participation
Participation of ethnic groups at the local and national levels is essential
The goal is to guarantee indigenous peoples are provided with adequate mechanisms of participation and decision

27. Indigenous Development Policy Management and Programatic Tools

28. Indigenous Development Policy Coordination of Policies and Programs
The vice-minister of MIDEPLAN is responsible for the executive coordination of indigenous policies and programs
Participating ministries that have programs for indigenous peoples: Agriculture; Education; Health; Government; Justice; Urbanism and Household; Public Works; National Goods; Labor; Budgeting Office.

29. Indigenous Development Policy Truth Commission and New Treatment
This commission will provide an historic explanation of the causes and consequences of discrimination and cultural intolerance in Chile.
It will propose a new relationship between Indigenous Peoples, the Chilean State, and the Chilean population.
It will promote a State policy aimed at the development of and respect for Indigenous peoples
A report will be ready on the third quarter of 2003

30. Indigenous Development Policy CONADI Programs
Indigenous Development Fund
Land and Water Fund
Education and Culture Fund
Promotion and Information on Indigenous Rights Program (PIDI)

31. Indigenous Development Fund

32. Indigenous Land and Water Fund

33. Education and Culture Fund

34. Indigenous Scholarships Awarded

35. Indigenous Development Policy Program Orígenes
Development program whose goal is to overcome inequality conditions affecting indigenous peoples.
Pilot program to promote public policies that improve Chile’s historic relationship between Indigenous Peoples, the Chilean State, and its Society.

36. Indigenous Development Policy Program Orígenes
Implemented by the Chilean governmnet with financial support of IDB loan ($80 million)
Promotes development with identity and improvement of living conditions of Aymara, Atacameño, and Mapuche groups living in rural areas
It is a target program aimed at 44 towns, communities and indigenous families.

37. Indigenous Development Policy Program Orígenes Basic Concepts
State and Public Policies (New Treatment)
Inter-Culturalism
Development with Identity and Participatory Management
Sustainable Development
Identity (ethnic identity)
Territory
Community
Participation

38. Main Challenges and Pending Issues
Recognition of Indigenous Peoples status to achieve a shared vision, constitutional recognition, and ratification of ILO Agreement 169
Strengthening the Indigenous Institutional Framework:

39. Main Challenges and Pending Issues
Priority of Indigenous Law over other regulations: Water Code, Mining, Fishery Law, Electricity Law (Ralco case)
Internalization of ethnic variable in policies, services, and public officials.

40. Main Challenges and Pending Issues
Strenghtening institutional processes that channel indigenous demands
Land policy reform: creation of a land bank to prevent speculation; specification of a term to purchase land subject to litigation; creation of a registry of land subject to litigation