1. Calculations involving solution preparation and Dilutions

2. Solutions Expressed as percent
The term percent is Greek for per When concentration is expressed in terms of percent, the numerator is the amount of solute and the denominator is 100 units of total solution.
There are three types of percent expressions which vary in their units:
Type 1: Weight per volume (w/v) percent. This percent is expressed as the weight of the solute (in grams) per 100ml of total volume.
Type 2: Volume percent (v/v). In a percent by volume expression, both the amount of solute and the total volume are expressed in volume units (ml solute per 100 ml total volume)
Type 3: Weight percent (w/w) is an expression of concentration in which the weight of solute is in the numerator and the weight of the total solution is in the denominator (grams of solute per 100 g of solution). This expression is rare.

3. Percent calculations Type 1: (w/v) Answer: X = 6.25 g
How many grams of NaCl are required to prepare 250 ml of a 2.5% (w/v) solution of NaCl?
Second, set up a proportion to calculate the amount of solute in the solution you want to prepare
First, what is the concentration, and what does it mean?
__2.5 g__
100 ml TV
___X___
250 ml TV =
Last, cross multiply to solve for X
(2.5 g)(250 ml) = (100 ml) (X)
Answer: X = 6.25 g

4. Percent calculations Type 2: (v/v)
How would you prepare 300 ml of 70% isopropanol (v/v)?
First, what is the concentration, and what does it mean?
Second, set up a proportion to calculate the amount of isopropanol you need to prepare the solution with the requested total volume
__70 ml iospropanol__
100 ml TV
____X___
300 ml TV =
Cross multiply to solve for X
(70 ml)(300ml) = (X)(100ml)
X = 210 ml isopropanol
Don’t forget! The question asks “how would you prepare” so you need to know how much water to add to the isopropanol to get 300ml to answer the question!
Add 210 ml isopropanol to 90 ml deionized water

5. Preparing dilute solutions from concentrated solutions
The C1V1 = C2V2 Equation
Frequently working solutions (to be use in experiments) are prepared from stock solutions (concentrated solutions)
The C1V1= C2V2 Equation is used to determine the amount of stock solution needed to prepare a diluted working solution of a particular concentration
Concentrationstock X Volumestock = Concentrationfinal X Volumefinal
A stock solution is sometimes written as an “X” solution, where X mean “times”; how many times more concentrated the stock is than normal. The working concentration is always 1X

6. Using the C1V1=C2V2 Equation
How much of a stock solution of NaOH with a concentration of 10N is required to prepare a 5N NaOH solution with a final volume of 50 ml?
First, find the following three values:
The stock concentration (C1)
The working concentration (C2)
The final (working) volume (V2)
Don’t get hung up on the units for concentration, they cancel out anyway!
Second, plug in the values into the equation
(10N NaOH)(V2) = (5N)(50 ml)
V2 = 25 ml Stock

7. A different way
How much of a stock solution of NaOH with a concentration of 10N is required to prepare a 5N NaOH solution with a final volume of 50 ml?
I don’t use the C1V1= C2V2 Equation. Instead I use this method……
First, divide the stock concentration by the working concentration to get your dilution factor
Sound familiar?
10N NaOH
5N NaOH
Note once again that the units for concentration cancel out = 2
Second, divide the final volume of the working solution by the dilution factor to get the volume of stock (or the volume of 1 part)
50ml 2 =
25 ml
ANSWER
The reason I like this method is two fold. First, sometimes you are not given the working concentration, you are only given a dilution factor (remember the problems we did earlier in the semester) and you can’t use C1V1= C2V2. Second, I can do the above problem in my head, but I cannot use that equation without writing it down.