1. Bellwork
On a sheet of paper, write out a step by step description of Milgram’s experimental design.

2. How far will people go in the name of obedience?
The Psychology of Evil
How far will people go in the name of obedience?

3. Are Germans different?
In the beginning, Stanley Milgram was worried about the Nazi problem.
His research aim was to provide evidence for the “Germans are different” hypothesis
Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist at Yale University in 1960.

4. “Germans are different” hypothesis
The hypothesis has been used by historians to explain the systematic destruction of the Jews
Milgram set out to test whether Germans have a basic character flaw which is a readiness to obey authority without question, no matter what outrageous acts the authority commands.

5. Milgram’s research into obedience
Milgram developed a laboratory experiment which provided a systematic way to measure obedience.
His decision to study obedience was tempered by his own Jewish cultural background.
His plan was to test the hypothesis on the population of New Haven on Americans and then go to Germany and test the German population.

6. Milgram’s experimental design
Milgram recruited participants using a newspaper ad (he did 17 experiments using 40 males between and 1 experiment using 40 females between 20-50)
The participants arrived at The Yale Interaction Laboratory and were met by the “professor”, Jack Williams, a man dressed in a white laboratory coat.
The participants met another man who was in his 50s.
The experimenter ‘professor’ explains the experiment to both of them participants:
“It is about learning. Science does not know much about negative reinforcement on learning. Negative reinforcement is getting punished when you get something wrong. In this case, it will be an electric shock.”

7. Milgram’s Obedience research

8. Milgram’s experimental design
The experimenter takes two pieces of paper and places them in a hat. The two pieces of paper say “Teacher” and “Learner”.
You and the man in his 50’s reach in to find out what your role is
You look at yours, it says “Teacher”.
The man then becomes the “Learner”.
The experimenter says to the learner whilst you are standing next to him: “I want you to step right in here and take a seat, please…. Roll up your right sleeve, please. Now what I want you to do is strap down your arms to avoid excessive movement on your part during the experiment. This electrode is connected to the shock generator in the next room.”

9. Milgram’s experimental set-up

10. Milgram’s Experimental Design
Once set up, the teacher is required to read out a list of words and their pairs. The teacher is then told to read out words and the learner was told to provide the word pair. If the learner gave the wrong answer, the teacher would administer an electric shock. In this way the study was apparently investigating the effect of punishment on memory.
Each time the learner made a mistake, the teacher had to increase the strength of the electric shock. The experimenter sat in the room with the teacher encouraging the teacher to administer the shocks even after the learner cried out in pain and complained of a bad heart.

11. The Shock Generator (from 15volts to 450volts)

12. Milgram’s result
65% of Milgram’s participants delivered the full (and fatal) 450 volt shock. Even though the learner gave out an agonised scream at 285 volts, a refusal to answer at 315 volts and only ominous silence after that.
The learner (50 year old man) in the study was a confederate and no real shocks were given in the experiment except for the 45v example shock given to the teacher
So why did the participants obey? Most participants (teachers) groaned, protested, fidgeted, argued and in some cases, were seized by fits of nerves. Many looked to the experimenter for guidance but he would only reply with: “You have no option, you must go on”.

13. Were the Germans different?
The answer is “No”.
Milgram’s experimental results in 1963 provide evidence that atrocities can happen ANYWHERE.

14. WHY?

15. Similarly, Bartels subtly references the lack of his wife’s understanding in the form of several parenthetical phrases. He describes a man’s mindset towards overcoming challenges as a very simple process, “something breaks, you fix it and move one. (But don’t throw it out; it could come in handy at some point)” (paragraph 27). This parenthetical statement is included to contrast a man’s method of logically and sensibly overcoming difficulties with a woman’s indecisiveness and irrationality. These remarks are Bartels’ attempt to bond with select members of his audience over a situation outside of the present moment of his example. These statements are directed towards the men in his audience who will remember a time when their wives became irate with them because they could not see the reasoning behind his actions.