1. Mass Society in an Age of Progress (1871-1894)

2. Mass Society and La Belle Epoque
What do these terms mean?

3. Second Industrial Revolution: 1871-1914
Comparisons with the First I- Rev
First Industrial Rev: textiles, railroads, iron and coal
Second Industrial Rev: steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum.
Late 1800s=material prosperity
Scientific and technological advances=belief that our problems would be solved.

4. Large Trends:
Increasing wages
Decreasing prices (due to mass production)
Mass marketing (department stores)
Movements away from free-market capitalism:
Protective tariffs
Cartels and large factories--what were the arguments for these?
New farming practices (chemicals and specialization depending on the country)

5. Steel=32 million tons in 1913 (125,000 in 1860) Chemicals
Alkaline used in textiles, soap, and paper
Germany dominated the chemical industry, as well.

6. New Economic Zones
North and west versus south and east

7. Electricity Generators Power plants
Light bulb (don’t foget Joseph Swan!)- 1878
Telephone (1876) “Mr. Watson, come here: I want to see you.”
Radio (1901)
Streetcars/subways

8. petroleum
automobile
airplane

11. First flight Dec. 17, 1903 (don’t tell this to Alberto Santos-Dumont, or all of Brazil for that matter). First passenger airplane flight or earlier? Depends on who you want to believe.

12. Organizing the Working Class
Three choices for reform
1. Marxist Socialism/Communism
Leaders--
German Social Democratic Party (SPD) led by Wilhelm Lieknecht and August Bebel
Second International loose association of various national socialist groups
2. Evolutionary Socialism
Leader--Eduard Bernstein
3. Anarchism
Leader--Michael Bakunin
How was nationalism a divider in all of this?

13. Late-19th Century Political Trends
General idea: Mass politics
Western Europe: Reform greatest in Great Britain, followed by France.
Reform in Spain and Italy was limited
Central and Eastern Europe: Much more authoritarian.

14. Reform in Great Britain
Increased voter participation with the Reform Act of 1884
Equal representation followed the Redistribution Act of 1885
Payment for MPs in the H of C,
What did Charles Parnell and the Irish Land League want?
Gladstone could not solve the vexing Irish problem: home rule or complete independence?

15. France: The Third Republic
France had two main parties, Republicans and Monarchists.
The Monarchist won the election of 1870 and dominated the National Assembly.
2. Republicans revolted on March 26, 1871 and formed an independent gov’t in Paris, the Commune
3. The National Assembly attacked the commune, which was supported by working class men and women. It was civil war
4. After 20,000 deaths (mostly defenders of the commune) the National Assembly triumphed.

16. 5. By 1875, the Third Republic was established: Bicameral National Assembly and a President.
6. By 1879, Republicans had strengthened the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) by instituting ministerial responsibility.
7. Many monarchists, Bonapartists, and church officials opposed the Third Repub (almost overthrown by Boulanger in 1889), but it stayed in place until WWII.

17. Spain: Limited Reform
1875 Constitution under Alfonso XII: Two political groups, surprisingly called… Liberals and Conservatives.
Limited suffrage.
Reform called for by the Generation of 1898, even an anarchist/socialist uprising in Barcelona in Setmana Tragica (July 25-August 2, 1909) was violently put down.
Reform limited by the power of the Catholic Church and the landed elite.

18. Germany
1. Kaiser had much power: appointed chancellor and other ministers, controlled army and foreign policy.
2. Reichstag (lower house in parliament) had little authority.
3. Bismarck and liberals failed to weaken the Catholic Church in their kulturkampf.
Bismarck began his attack of Socialists. why?
5. Set up a social security system (benefits, pensions, et.c) Why?
6. William II sacked Bismarck in 1890 after the latter wanted to resume a repressive stance toward the socialists.

20. Austria-Hungary
1. Emperor Franz Josef controlled the PM and other ministers.
2. Plagued by the nationalities problem.
3. Empire held together by force of Franz Josef, Catholic loyalty, and the large imperial bureaucracy.
4. Landed elite controlled Hungary’s parliament. Ethnic minorities were accorded few rights.

21. Russia
1. Alexander III ( ) and Nicholas II ( ) persecuted those who supported reform.
2. Zemstvos lost much power.
2. Russification of the empire furthered ethnic tensions.

22. Essay Questions
To what extent did the emergence and development of socialist parties and trade unions meet the needs of the working classes between 1871 and the end of the century?
Compare the ideas of Karl Marx, Michael Bakunin and Eduard Bernstein.
How did the roles of women change during the second half of the nineteenth century?
Explain the reasons for public education in the age of Mass Society.