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Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning
Lesson 6
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Respondent & Operant Together
SD B SR : UR CS : US CR
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Associative Learning & Language
Language acquisition Interaction of nature & nurture Respondent & operant Respondent Association of sounds & symbols English: “deh” = d; “err” = r Russian: “deh” = д; “err” = р ~
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Respondent Learning & Language
Associatе sounds/symbols with objects/actions English: dog; woman; speak Spanish: perro; mujer; hablar Russian: собака; женщина, говорить Words/ideas Conditional stimuli Conditional responses ~
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Operant Learning & Language
Babies start off babbling sounds Inherited behavior Certain sounds are reinforced Directly by parents, etc. Also by consequences words are understood consequences Mother ~
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Respondent vs Operant Both associative Involuntary vs voluntary
Biologically important events US vs SR Signals/cues CS vs SD Contingency CS : US vs B SR ~
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Factors Influencing Acquisition
Frequency # learning trials Predictivity contingency & probability Contiguity timing Salience Intensity / novelty ~
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Acquisition: Frequency
Gradual usually requires many pairings Respondent: CS : US UR Operant: SD : B SR Measuring the learned response magnitude latency / probability / frequency Asymptote limit to how much can be learned ~
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Respondent Acquisition
CS : US UR CR Hi Lo Asymptote CR Strength CS : US pairings
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Operant Acquisition SD : B SR Hi Asymptote Bar Press Rate (B) Lo
B SR Trials
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Acquisition: Detour Learning Task
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Acquisition: Detour Learning
Chicks performance on detour learning task
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Acquisition: Predictivity
Contingency CS+ / CS- SD / S∆ Probability Usefulness of cues Hi faster learning Low slower learning ~
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Contiguity: Respondent Learning
Order & Timing Anticipate important event strongest to weakest CR Delayed CS US Trace CS US
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Contiguity: Respondent Learning
Simultaneous CS US Backward CS US
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Contiguity: Respondent Learning
CS-US interval In general... shorter interval more effective longer interval less effective Depends on response system Fast: seconds) e.g., eye blink, skeletal muscle reflexes Slow: 2-3 min e.g., CERs, physiological responses Nausea (CTA): hours ~
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Contiguity: Operant Learning
Delay of Reinforcement Immediate consequences most effective temporal contiguity reinforcement & punishment longer delays: probability of other behaviors being reinforced instead of intended behavior ~
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Delay of Reinforcement
20 15 Bar presses per minute 10 5 Delay between B and SR (sec)
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Salience: Operant Learning
SD / S∆ intensity More noticeable faster learning SR intensity Magnitude of reinforcement magnitude faster learning SR value value faster learning ~
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Operant: Delay vs Magnitude
Delay most important factor Small, immediate reinforcer more powerful… Than large, delayed reward Immediate consequences More closely connected to situation e.g., hangovers as punishment ~
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Salience: CS Intensity
Faster conditioning CR Hi Lo # of CS - US pairings Asymptote stronger CS weaker CS
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Salience: US Intensity
Increased intensity Faster conditioning and… Stronger CR possible Raise Asymptote ~
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Salience: US Intensity
Hi stronger US Asymptote CR weaker US Lo # of CS - US pairings
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Salience: Novelty Surprisingness of US important
Novel stimuli best cues CS+ / CS- and SD / S∆ Not cues for other only occur with US/SR Latent Inhibition Slower acquisition if CS is familiar Cues associated w/ other events Inhibits association w/ new US/SR ~
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Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA)
Exception to usual rules of conditioning Delay can be hours Requires only single CS-US pairing Adaptive ~
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Conditioned Taste Aversions
Learn to avoid foods that make you sick Eat a novel food Taste = CS Become sick Avoid food Resistant to extinction ~
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