1. Whether you think you can,
Part 110
General Requirements
Whether you think you can,
or think you can’t,
You’re probably right
Henry Ford
Introduction
World War II involved specialized aircraft produced in large numbers by various combatant nations, and many makes of familiar names domestically became known internationally.
WWI spurred acft production, the acft were not available in the beginning of the war.
There were many efforts to prevent war, but the militaristic goals of a few countries pulled other countries into conflict.
WWII was worldwide with concentrations of fighting in Europe and the Pacific.
Hitler wanted to acquired more living space which he tried to do by taking starting war with other countries.

2. 110.2 Definitions All-cargo operations
Operation for compensation or hire that is other than a passenger-carrying operation
Certificate-holding district office
FSDO with responsibility for administering the certificate
Overall inspection of certificate holder’s operations
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

3. 110.2 Definitions Commuter operation
Any scheduled operation conducted by any person operating one of the following types of aircraft with a frequency of operations of at least five trips per week on at least one route between two or more points according to the published flight schedules
Airplanes, other than turbojet-powered airplanes, having a maximum passenger-seat configuration of 9 seats or less and a maximum payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or less
Rotorcraft
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

4. 110.2 Definitions Direct air carrier
Person who provides or offers to provide air transportation and who has control over the operational functions performed in providing that transportation
DoD commercial air carrier evaluator
Person qualified Air Mobility Command, Survey and Analysis Office cockpit evaluator performing the duties as evaluator on an air carrier that is contracted or pursuing a contract wit the DoD
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

5. 110.2 Definitions Domestic operation
Any scheduled operation conducted by any person operating any airplane listed in listed locations
Airplanes
Turbojet-powered
Airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of > 9 passenger seats
Airplanes having a payload capacity of > 7,500 pounds
Locations
Between any points within the 48 contiguous states or the District of Columbia
Operations solely within the 48 contiguous states or the District of Columbia
Operations entirely within any State, territory, or possession of the United States
Operations between any point within the 48 contiguous states and any point located outside the 48 contiguous states, designated by the Administrator
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

6. 110.2 Definitions Empty Weight
Weight of the airframe, engines, propellers, rotors, and fixed equipment
Includes
Fixed ballast
Unusable fuel supply
Undrainable oil
Total quantity of engine coolant
Total quantity of hydraulic fluid
Excludes
Crew weight
Payload
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

7. 110.2 Definitions Flag operation
Any scheduled operation conducted by any person operating any airplane listed in listed locations
Airplanes
Turbojet-powered
Airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of > 9 passenger seats
Airplanes having a payload capacity of > 7,500 pounds
Locations
Between any point within Alaska or Hawaii or any territory or possession of the United States and any point outside Alaska or Hawaii or any territory or possession of the United States
Between any point within the 48 contiguous states or the District of Columbia and any point outside the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia
Between any point outside the U.S. and another point outside the U.S.
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

8. 110.2 Definitions Justifiable aircraft equipment Kind of operation
Any equipment necessary for the operation of the aircraft
Does not include equipment or ballast specifically installed for the purpose of altering the empty weight of an aircraft to meet the maximum payload capacity
Kind of operation
One of the various operations a certificate holder is authorized to conduct
Flag
Domestic
Supplemental
Commuter
On-demand operations
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

9. 110.2 Definitions Maximum payload capacity Crew weight
Maximum zero fuel weight minus
Empty weight
All justifiable aircraft equipment
Operating load
Crew weight
Male flightcrew members – 180 pounds
Female flightcrew members – 140 pounds
Male flight attendants – 180 pounds
Female flight attendants – 130 pounds
Flight attendants not defined by gender – 140 pounds
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

10. 110.2 Definitions Maximum zero fuel weight Noncommon carriage
Maximum permissible weight of an aircraft with no disposable fuel or oil
Noncommon carriage
Aircraft operation for compensation or hire that does not involve a holding out of others
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

11. 110.2 Definitions On-demand operation
Any operation for compensation or hire that
Passenger-carrying operations conducted as a public charter with departure time, departure location, and arrival location negotiated with the customer or a representative
Scheduled passenger-carrying operations conducted with a frequency of less than five round trips per week on at least one route between two or more points according to the published flight schedules
All-cargo operations conducted with airplanes having a payload capacity of 7,500 or less
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

12. 110.2 Definitions Passenger-carrying operation
Any aircraft operation carrying any person
Can carry cargo or mail in addition to passengers
Principal base of operations
Primary operating location of a certificate holder
Provisional airport
Airport approved by Administrator for use by a certificate holder for the purpose of providing service to a community when the regular airport is not available
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

13. 110.2 Definitions Regular airport Scheduled operation
Airport used by a certificate holder in scheduled operations and listed in its operations specifications
Scheduled operation
Common carriage passenger-carrying operation for compensation or hire conducted by an air carrier or commercial operation for which the certificate holder or its representative offers in advance the departure location, departure time, and arrival location
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

14. 110.2 Definitions Supplemental operation
Any common carriage operation for compensation or hire conducted with listed airplane and listed type of operation
Airplanes
Passenger-seat configuration > 30 seats
Payload capacity > 7,500 pounds
Propeller-powered with passenger-seat configuration >1 and <31 seats and used in domestic or flag operations
Type of operation
Departure time, departure location, and arrival location are specifically negotiated with the customer or representative
All-cargo operation
Passenger-carrying public charter operations conducted under part 380 of this chapter
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.

15. 110.2 Definitions Wet lease Years in service
Any leasing arrangement whereby a person agrees to provide an entire aircraft and at least one crewmember (not including code-sharing arrangement)
Years in service
Calendar time elapsed since an aircraft was issued its first U.S or first foreign airworthiness certificate
Poland Falls: The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, concluded with Poland’s surrender a month later, and demonstrated Germany’s use of aircraft to destroy a country’s air combat capabilities early during an assault — a tactic Germany used repeatedly in its effort to make Europe German by capturing countries one by one. Blitzkrieg – lightning war, fast moving assaults using infantry and tanks supported by acft.
The Phony War: The winter of provided a lull in the fighting and grounded many aircraft.
Winter War: The Soviet invasion of Finland and the subsequent Winter War between two neighbors of vastly different sizes demonstrated that attrition of a combatant’s resources, not absolute numbers of wins and losses, could determine the outcome of combat. WX restricted aerial operations. The Polish army was not prepared to fight.
The Battle for France: Belgium and Holland were in Germany’s way around the northwestern end of France’s fortified Maginot Line, so the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Belgium and Dutch as well as French airfields and planes on the ground and German pilots fought particularly French and British aircraft in the air.
Dunkirk: Pushed to the sea (the English Channel) by advancing German forces, the British Expeditionary Force and France’s Northern Army evacuated 300,000 men from Dunkirk to the safety of England across the channel — under the aerial protection of British Spitfires and other fighter planes. Germany won the battle over Dunkirk in terms of fighter stats. Germany flew 2,000 sorties and lost 37 acft, British flew 1,764 sorties & lost 106 acft.
Mediterranean Region: Concurrent with the Battle for France, Germany launched a major paratroop attack against Crete, and Italy joined Germany in the fighting to conquer enemy lands in the Mediterranean region.
French Governments: After the fall of France in June 1942, the French government became scattered governments: There was German-ruled “occupied France,” and south of that was authoritarian “Vichy France,” and throughout France there was a “resistance” movement, also south of the Mediterranean Sea were “Free French” colonies in Africa led by General Charles de Gualle who was in exile in Great Britain.
Battle of Britain: The Battle of Britain was an air battle preliminary to a German invasion that never happened because the Royal Air Force escaped destruction on the ground and fought an effective defensive battle against Luftwaffe bombers, fighters, and blitz tactics. Britain had radar to guide airplanes from the ground.
Battle of the Atlantic: The maritime battle of the Atlantic employed aircraft in reconnaissance, fighter, torpedo bomber, and other roles.
Sortie – one mission by a single military plane.
The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle experienced air forces in the world when WWII started.