1. MGMT 203 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Module 3

2. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 14
1944 (USA ) — The first successful flight into the eye of a hurricane is made by a three-man American crew flying a Douglas A-20 “Havoc.”
They demonstrate that valuable scientific information can be obtained in this manner, which is still done today.

3. Questions / Comments

4. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 3 (9/12/16 – 9/25/16) Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
Define aircraft performance terms and life cycles costs.
Describe the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) and Pilot’s Operating Handbook.
Describe three classifications of reciprocating engines.
Describe a turbofan engine that has a dual spool axial flow compressor.
Monday

5. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 3 (9/12/16 – 9/25/16) Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
Examine the different types of systems used for reciprocating and turbine engines.
Critique why a turboprop engine is used and its three sections.
Describe a propeller and how thrust is produced.
Describe where you can find weight and balance limitations specified.
Analyze aircraft payloads for overweight conditions and proper loading of an airplane.
Describe the two types of plans that are used in the business flight department.
Compose a list of business flight department records. Consider operations and maintenance.
Tuesday
Wednesday

6. Questions / Comments

8. Discussion: Interviewing with Northern Air Cargo for a Management Position: Wed Sep 21

9. Discussion: YouTube Video: Wed Sep 21

10. Module 3 Review Questions (Due Fri Sep 23)
Spend quality time responding to the following questions in your own words.
1. Defend the importance of the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) and Pilot’s Operating Handbook.
2. Name the four stages or the Life Cycle Costs and describe which stage is the highest and why.
3. Describe the three classifications of reciprocating engines. Please give examples of each type.
4. Describe two types of plans that are used in a business or corporate aviation flight department.
5. Describe why a turboprop is used in aviation today. What are the three main sections of a turboprop engine?

11. Assignments Due – Module 3 (9/12/16 – 9/25/16)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Assignments Due – Module 3 (9/12/16 – 9/25/16)
Review Module 3 Instructions for the following assignments:
Discussion Board Due (Interviewing with Northern Air Cargo for a Management Position)
(Due - Wed Sep 21) – 2 part (Post and Respond)
Discussion Board Due (YouTube Video)
Review Questions – Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
(Due - Fri Sep 23) – 5 Questions

12. September 2016 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 HOLIDAY Labor Day 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 28 29
Module 2 Intro
Aircraft Components 30
Module 2
Aircraft Design and Certification 31
MEL and DMI
Progress Reports Due 1
Beaufort County Airport (ILT) 2
Flightline Friday
Progress Reports Sent Home 3 4 5
HOLIDAY
Labor Day 6 7
Discussion Due 8 9
Review Questions Due 10 11 12
Module 3
Propulsion and Aircraft Performance 13 14 15 16
Flightline 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

13. Questions / Comments

14. MGMT 203 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Module 3

15. Weight and Balance calculations are beyond the scope of this course

16. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Pilot's responsibility to ensure aircraft is properly loaded before flight
W&B records must be used to give everyone information about the empty weight and center of gravity (CG) range of the aircraft.
Two reasons why W&B knowledge is so important
Safety
Flight efficiency
Limits specified
Aircraft Specs and Type Certification Data Sheets (TCDS)
Aircraft Operating Limitations
Aircraft Flight Manual
Aircraft W&B Book

17. Weight and Balance (W&B)
W&B problems can result in the following flight conditions
Increase in pilot's forces
Increase in takeoff distances
Decrease in structural integrity factors
Increase in stall speeds
Decrease in range
Decrease in stability of the aircraft

18. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Let’s discuss some basic terminology
Datum or Reference Datum (RD)
Designated by the aircraft manufacturer
May be placed near aircraft nose or ahead of the nose
Measurements are positive numbers
Some general aviation aircraft do not follow this rule
Equipment locations or structures are listed as being so many inches from the RD
FS 245 bulkhead
Arm
Measured in inches
RD = 0
Aft of RD is positive
Forward of RD is negative

19. Weight and Balance (W&B)
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 9-6

20. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Reference
Datum
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – General. p. 4.3

21. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Let’s discuss some basic terminology
Moment
Product of weight times arm
Measured in LB-Inch
Force that causes rotation
Empty Weight or Net Weight
Determined at time of weighting and certification of the aircraft
Empty weight = scale reading ‑ tare
Tare is considered the weight of the devices holding the aircraft on the scales.
Includes all operating equipment that has a fixed location and installed in the aircraft.

22. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Let’s discuss some basic terminology
Useful Load
Maximum allowable gross weight minus empty weight
Center of Gravity (CG)
Point about which an aircraft is in balance
Established by the aircraft manufacturer
CG = Total Moment divided by Total Weight
CG can change in flight especially during long flight durations
Maintain aircraft within Operating CG range

23. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Let’s discuss some basic terminology
Operating CG Range
Distance between forward and aft CG limits.
Loaded aircraft must remain in this range at all times.
An aircraft is considered to be balanced if the total moment of a loaded plane falls within the CG range.
% of Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
CG location is generally expressed with respect to the wing.
Zero Fuel Weight
Maximum weight minus fuel weight.
Maximum allowable weight of a loaded aircraft without fuel.

24. Weight and Balance (W&B)
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – General. p. 4-31

25. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Weighing of aircraft
Before weighing an aircraft check
Type Certification Data Sheets
Airplane Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH)
Weight and Balance book
Know the aircraft empty weight and CG range.
Verify the scales are calibrated and properly configured.

26. Weight and Balance (W&B)
Weighing of aircraft
Aircraft with 20 or more seats or weighing 6,000 pounds or more weighed 36 calendar months (14 CFR Part 125}.
Multi-engine aircraft operated under 14 CFR Part 135 weighed every 36 months.

27. Weight and Balance (W&B)
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – General. p. 4-14

28. Management

29. Management Perspective
Aircraft performance characteristics should be defined carefully prior to selection of the aircraft for a business.
Research the market for logical selections
Type Certification Data Sheet for the specific aircraft
Family of aircraft is an excellent selection point
Standardization
You do not want 5 different aircraft
Think of the logistics pipeline for parts
Maintenance and pilot training
Consider Southwest Airlines (Same type of aircraft fleet)

30. Management Perspective Engines
Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
Also called Foreign Object Debris
Good housekeeping and tool accountability
Clean up all foreign objects or debris
Bolts, washers, nuts, etc.
Place FOD bags or containers in specific areas
Turbine engines can be damaged by ingestion of objects or debris.
Millions of dollars wasted due to jet engines that has been damaged.
Personnel performing FOD walks on the ramp are very common.
Domestic Object Damage (DOD)
Caused from an aircraft or engine material failure

31. Management Perspective Engines
Safety
Engine and propeller danger areas
Always observe propellers as they are operating even when the engine is shutdown.
Turbine engine intake have specified clearances
Exhaust has specified clearance
Especially important with jet engines
Carbon Monoxide testers
Reciprocating engines
Failure of the exhaust system
Gases can enter the flight deck especially on general aviation aircraft.
Detectors should be placed near the instrument panel.

32. Management Perspective Engines
Turbine Engine Maintenance Requirements
Time Between Overhaul (TBO):
Varies with the type of engine.
Equal to time change items or life limiting items.
When an engine is no longer reliable – remove and replace regardless of the number of hours remaining.
Over temperature
Each time the normal limits are exceeded the hot section material becomes weaker.
A hot start is indicated if Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) or Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) exceed specified limits.
Over speed
Engine maximum RPM is exceeded
Vibration
High Oil Consumption

33. Management Perspective Engines
Reciprocating engine
Time Between Overhaul (TBO):
Number of hours the engine manufacturer recommends an engine major overhaul
Exceeds engine life span
Top Overhaul
Reconditioning only the cylinders and pistons (includes valve mechanism)
100 Hour/Annual Inspection
Cylinder Compression Tests

34. Management Perspective
Weight and Balance
Remember that everyone is responsible
Aircraft accidents resulted from
Weight and balance calculation errors
Aircraft cargo exceeded maximum weight
Cargo shifted in flight because the cargo was not secured or rail system locks were not engaged.
Weight and balance system not updated
Modification completed and W&B data were not updated.
Aircraft not weighed or procedures were not followed.
Review FAA-H , Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook.

35. Questions / Comments