1. Non-electrolytes ‘Concentration expression
lab 1

2. Physical pharmacy: attempted to integrate the factual knowledge of pharmacy through the development of broad principles of its own, and it aided the pharmacist and the pharmaceutical scientist in their attempt to predict the solubility, stability, compatibility, and biologic action of drug products.

3. Introduction
I Material substances can be mixed together to form a variety of pharmaceutical mixtures such as:
1. True solution: is a mixture of two or more components that form homogeneous molecular dispersion as a one phase system (<1nm).
2. Colloidal dispersion: is a heterogeneous system which is made up of Dispersed phase and Dispersion medium. In colloidal system one substance is dispersed as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium (1-500nm).
3. Coarse dispersion: such as emulsion and suspension (<500nm). For instance, suspension is a coarse dispersion in which insoluble solid particles are dispersed in aliquid medium.

4. True solution will be focused and discussed in this lab
True solution will be focused and discussed in this lab. It can be classified according to the states in which the solute and solvent occur, and because three states of matter exist, nine types of homogeneous mixtures of solute and solvent are possible:

6. II. Concentration expressions
Concentration of solution can be expressed in terms of the quantity of solute in a definite volume or mass of solution or the quantity of solute in a definite mass of solvent. As shown below:

8. Solubility is quantitatively expressed in terms of molality, molarity, and percentage.
Disadvantages of molarity & normality:-
1. They have the disadvantages of changing value with temperature because of the expansion or contraction of liquids and should not be used when one wishes to study the properties of solution at various temperatures.
2. It is difficult to study properties of solvents such as vapour pressure & osmotic pressures which are related to the concentration of the solvent. The volume of solvent is not usually known, and it varies for different solution of the same concentration (depends on solute and solvent).
While, the Molality has not had the above disadvantages since it is prepared it terms of weight unit, hence; it is used more likely in theoretical studies. Additionally, mole fraction (X) has simple & distinct way to express the relationship between solute & solvent molecules.
Note: density or specific gravity = weight or mass / volume.

9. III. Experimental work
Part 1: NaCL, Na2CO3, NaOH, Alcohol and H20 as well as volumetric flasks (50cc) and pipettes.
Part 2: Prepare the following solution using volumetric flasks and pipettes:
1. 50 ml of 0.5 M NaCL.
2. 50 ml of 2NNaCL.
3. 50 ml of 0.1N Na2CO3.
4. 50 ml of 0.1 M Na2CO3.
5. 50 gm of 2% w/w NaCL solution.
6. 50 ml of 10% w/v NaOH or NaCL.
7. 50 ml of 10% v/v alcohol.

10. IV. Witten laboratory report
Follow the general instructions for written laboratory reports.
V. References
Martins-Physical-Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical-Sciences/dp/