1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS AUSTRALIA PART 3: EARTHQUAKES
More lectures at Disasters Supercourse - 
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. AUSTRALIA

3. LOW TO MODERATE SEISMIC RISK

4. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN AUSTRALIA
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
CYCLONES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
EARTHQUAKES
WILDFIRES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

5. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES

6. A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

7. Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

8. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community is UN-PREPARED for what will happen

9. THE REASONS ARE . . .
When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards

10. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place

11. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of emergency situations.

12. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either this experience of the prior experiences.

13. TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

14. AUSTRALIA’S COMMINITIES
HAZARDS
INVENTORY
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
QUAKE DISASTER REWILIENCE
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
AUSTRALIA’S COMMINITIES
PREPAREDNESS
PROTECTION
FORECASTS/SCENARIOS
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

15. ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION

16. WHAT WILL HAPPEN? EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

17. SEISMICITY
TECTONIC
SETTING & FAULTS
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS MODEL

18. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/LOSS
FOUNDATION FAILURE
EARTHQUAKE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SITE AMPLIFICATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
GROUND
SHAKING
LIQUEFACTION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS
LANDSLIDES
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/ LOSS

19. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

20. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

21. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY EARTH-QUAKE HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

22. IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
EXPOSURE
MODEL

23. QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY
MODEL

24. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME V VI
VII
VIII IX
INTENSITY

25. HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE
A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers.

26. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

27. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

28. AUSTRALIA’S NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE (Only M5.6)
NEW SOUTH WALES
December 28, 1989

29. NEWCASTLE

30. NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE

31. IMPACTS Fortunately, it happened at 10:28 am, so . . .
Only 13 dead and 160 injured.
The number of people in the city was lower than usual because of the holiday season

32. IMPACTS
DAMAGED: over 35,000 homes, 147 schools, and 3,000 commercial and/or other buildings, with significant damage of more than $1,000 to 10,000 homes and 42 schools (structural damage) within the immediate Newcastle area.

33. AS4 billion (including an insured loss of about $1 billion)

34. THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!