1. Bonding: General Concepts
Chapter 8
Bonding: General Concepts

2. Quartz
Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

3. Distance Between Na+ and CI-

4. Figure 8.1: (a) Interaction of Hydrogen Atoms; (b) Energy Profile

5. Figure 8.2: Effect of Electric Field on HF Molecules (a) when no electric field is present (b) when the field is turned on

6. Fig 8.3: The Pauling Electronegativity Values

7. The Relationship Between Electronegativity and Bond Type

8. arrows between covalent character and ionic character in Table 8.1

9. Dipolar HF Showing Dipole Moment

10. Figure 8.4: Electrostatic Potential Map of HF

11. Figure 8.5: (a) Charge Distribution in Water Molecule; (b) Water Molecule in Electric Field; (c) Electrostatic Potential of Water Molecule

12. Figure 8.6: (a) Structure and Charge Distribution of NH3; (b) Dipole movement of NH3; (c) Electrostatic Potential Diagram of NH3 in Water Molecule

13. Figure 8.7: (a) CO2 Molecule; (b) Cancellation of Bond Polarities in CO2; (c) Electrostatic Potential for CO2

14. Types of Molecules with Polar Bonds but No Resulting Dipole Moment

15. Ball-and-Stick Model of CO2 in Table 8.2
Ken O'Donoghue

16. Ball-and-Stick Model of SO3 in Table 8.2
Ken O'Donoghue

17. Ball-and-Stick Model of CCl4 in Table 8.2
Ken O'Donoghue

18. Dipole Moment of HCl

19. Electrostatic Potential of HCl

20. Partial Charges on SO3

21. Electrostatic Potential of SO3

22. Partial Charges on CH4

23. Electrostatic Potential of CH4

24. Partial Charges on H2S

25. Electrostatic Potential of H2S

26. Dipole Moment on H2S

27. Ionic Compound in Solid State

28. Gas Phase of Ionic Substance

29. Bauxite Mine
Courtesy, Aluminium Company of America

30. Common Ions with Noble Gas ConFigureurations in Ionic Compounds

31. Figure 8.8: Ion Sizes Related to Position in Periodic Table

32. Lithium Fluoride
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33. Figure 8.9: Energy Changes in Formation of Solid LiF

34. Figure 8.10: Structure of LiF

35. Figure 8.11: Comparison of Energy Changes in Formation of Solid NaF and MgO

36. Figure 8.12: (a)(b)(c) Electrostatic Diagram Showing Three Possible Types of Bonds

37. Figure 8. 13: Ionic Character of Covalent Bond vs
Figure 8.13: Ionic Character of Covalent Bond vs. Electronegativity Difference of Bonded Atoms

38. Arrangement of Atoms in CH4

39. Molten NaCl Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Company. All rights reserved.

40. Arrangement of Atoms in CH3Cl

41. Segment of DNA Molecule
Will & Deni McInyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.

42. Average Bond Energies

43. Bond Lengths for Selected Bonds

44. Space-Filling KBr Molecule

45. G. N. Lewis
Bancroft Library

46. Space-Filling F2 Molecule

47. Space-Filling H2O Molecule

48. Space-Filling CO2 Molecule

49. Diamond Anvil Cell
Courtesy, Carnegie Institute

50. Space-Filling BF3 Molecule

51. Space-Filling SF6 Molecule

52. Space-Filling PCl5 Molecule

53. Space-Filling NO3- Molecule

54. Space-Filling NO2- Molecule

55. Space-Filling SO42-

56. Arrangement of Two Electron Pairs on Beryllium Atom

57. Structure of BeCl2

58. Arrangement of Three Electron Pairs on Boron Atom

59. Structure of BF3

60. Arrangement of Four Electron Pairs on Carbon Atom

61. Tetrahedral Structure of 109.5°

62. Figure 8.15: Molecular Structure of CH4

63. Four Balloons Form Tetrahedral Shape
Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

64. Figure 8.16: (a) Tetrahedral Arrangement of Electron Pairs in N Atom; (b) Shared Electron Pairs in NH3 , (c) Trigonal Pyramidal Structure

65. Figure 8.17: (a) Tetrahedral Arrangement of Electron Pairs in O Atom; (b) Shared Electron Pairs in H2O; (c) V-Shaped Structure

66. Figure 8.18: Bond Angles in CH4, NH3, and H2O

67. Figure 8. 19: Location of Electrons Shared by Two Nuclei vs
Figure 8.19: Location of Electrons Shared by Two Nuclei vs. a Single Nucleus

68. Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

69. Table 8.6: Linear Arrangement

70. Table 8.6: Trigonal Planar Arrangement

71. Table 8.6: Tetrahedral Arrangement

72. Table 8.6: Trigonal Bipyramidal Arrangement

73. Table 8.6: Octahedral Arrangement

74. Ball and Stick Linear Model in Table 8.6
Ken O'Donoghue

75. Ball and Stick Trigonal Planar Model in Table 8.6
Ken O'Donoghue

76. Ball and Stick Tetrahedral Model in Table 8.6
Ken O'Donoghue

77. Ball and Stick Trigonal Bipyramidal Model in Table 8.6
Ken O'Donoghue

78. Ball and Stick Octehedral Model in Table 8.6
Ken O'Donoghue

79. Table 8.7: Molecule Structures with Four Electron Pairs Around Central Atom

80. Table 8.8: Molecule Structures with Five Electron Pairs Around Central Atom

81. Trigonal Bipyramidal Molecule

82. Tetrahedral PCl4+ Cation

83. Octahedral PCl6- Anion

84. No Dipole Moment of XeF4

85. Octahedral Arrangement of Xenon Atom

86. Figure 8.20: (a) (b) Possible Electron-Pair Arrangement for XeF4

87. Structure of I3-

88. Figure 8.21: (a) (b) (c) Possible Electron-Pair Arrangements for I3- Ion

89. Structure of NO3- Ion

90. Queen Bee
Kenneth Lorenzen

91. Figure 8.22: (a) (b) (c) Molecular Structure of Methanol

92. Structure of NH3 vs PH3

93. Ball and Stick Model of NH3
Ken O'Donoghue

94. Ball and Stick Model of PH3
Ken O'Donoghue