1. Planning a Search Strategy Emergency
PICO, Concept Boxes and
Boolean Operators
Presented by Sandra Kendall, Mary McDiarmid & Bailey Urso
November 2016

2. TAAAC Library Science Program
Team Leader: Sandra Kendall Ms. Kendall is currently Director of the Health Sciences Library at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Ontario. She received her masters degree in Library Science from the University of Toronto. Since then she has worked in corporate, public and not-for-profit libraries and has extensive business experience. She has presented at major library conferences including Internet Librarian and the Medical Libraries Association, and has published in major Canadian journals

3. TAAAC Library Science Program
Team Trainer: Mary McDiarmid
Mary McDiarmid, MISt, is the librarian at Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences in Whitby, Ontario.   Ontario Shores is a psychiatric hospital with a forensics program and serves clients from adolescents to older adults.  She has previously worked in libraries in a geriatric teaching hospital, trauma care teaching hospital, and general hospital setting.  Mary holds a Master of Information Studies degree from the University of Toronto and has received many health libraries association awards in honour of her service and contributions.
Team Trainer: Bailey Urso
Bailey Urso is a librarian at Health Sciences North in Sudbury, ON. She holds a Masters of Library and Information Science degree from Western University, and a Bachelor of Arts in Archaeology from Wilfrid Laurier University. Outside the library world, Bailey is a yoga instructor and a knitting/sewing/crafting enthusiast.

4. Online Searching at a Glance
Useful terminology:
Pearl Searching: find a good article aka pearl and look at the references
Boolean operators: most databases allow boolean operators to narrow or broaden a search (AND, OR, NOT)
Truncation: most databases use symbols such as * for truncation, e.g.,

5. Boolean Searching
Using AND, OR, and NOT

6. Boolean Searching

7. Boolean Searching

8. Boolean Searching

9. Truncation
Using * (asterisk) and ? (question mark)

10. Truncation

11. Truncation

12. Truncation

13. Truncation
British and North American spellings vary. When entering textwords in search engines for international databases such as Cochrane or Medline, it is necessary to allow for the different spellings, or else some citations may be missed.
Use $ or : to get all possible endings (e.g. comput:.mp. for computer, computers, computing, computed, etc.)
Use # to replace exactly one character (wom#n.mp. for woman or women)
Use ? to replace 0 or 1 character (labo?r.mp. for labor or labour)
Examples U.S. British In OVID, enter as:
anemia/anaemia
etiology/aetiology
gynecology/gynaecology
hemoglobin/haemoglobin -e- -ae- an?emia
"etiology or aetiology"
gyn?ecology
"hemoglobin or haemoglobin"
esophagus/oesophagus
fetus/foetus
diarrhea/diarrhoea -e- -oe- "esophagus or oesophagus"
"fetus or foetus"
diarrh?ea
tumor/tumour -o- -ou- tumo?r
organize/organise -z- -s- organi#e
counseling/counselling
counseled/counselled -l- -ll- counse$ling for specific ending
counsel
sulfur/sulphur -f- -ph- sul#?ur
fiber/fibre -er- -re- fib:

14. Steps to finding articles
Identify the main concepts or keywords
Determine the best resources
Plan the search
Document the search and cite
Evaluate what you find

15. Example Topic
What are the guidelines for prescribing warfarin to reduce the risk of a stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation?

16. Identify the main concepts
The easiest way to make your question searchable is to break it up into concepts
For each concept, think of as many key words/synonyms as you can
A very popular method to use is PICO

17. Identify the main concepts
PICO Method
P – Population
I – Intervention
C – Comparison (Optional)
O – Outcome

18. Identify the main concepts
Question
PICO
What is the risk of a stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation?
P (Population) = patients with atrial fibrillation
I (Intervention) = warfarin
C (Comparison) = patients not taking wafarin
O (Outcome) = reduce the risk of stroke

19. Plan the search PICO P (Patient/Population/Problem) I (Intervention)
O (Outcome)
Patients with atrial fibrillation
Warfarin
Guidelines
Reduce the risk of stroke
Alternative Words (Synonyms)
fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmia, arrhythmia
anticoagulant, Coumadin
Practice guidelines, best practices
Reduce = decrease
Risk = risk factors
Stroke: cerebrovascular attack, CVA

20. Determine the best resources
There are hundreds of article databases available. Which one will you use?
PubMed
CINAHL
Cochrane Library
Google Scholar

21. Plan the search
Now you have your question and keywords. Where do you start?
Each database has its own indexing system. Many have their own thesaurus or list of subject headings. If the database you are using has a thesaurus, match your keywords to the thesaurus for a more efficient search.

22. Plan the search
For PubMEd, the indexing system is called MeSH = Medical Subject Headings (created in 1960 by a group of doctors at NLM)
You can search for MeSH terms in the database PubMed

23. Using HINARI to Access PubMed

24. Before logging into the PubMed, websites, we will Login to the HINARI site using the URL
22 August 2016

25. Once you are logged in to the HINARI Content page, access PubMed by clicking on Search inside HINARI full-text using PubMed.
In the HINARI Portal you can access PubMed from the Content page. Click on Search inside HINARI full-text using PubMed.
22 August 2016

26. Note – you can open PubMed directly but, by not accessing from HINARI, you will not have the links to the HINARI full-text articles that the publishers have granted access to your institution. You only will have access to free-full text articles.
22 August 2016

27. Finding MESH Terms (PubMed)

28. Finding MESH Terms (PubMed)

29. Finding MESH Terms (PubMed)
PICO
P (Patient/Population/Problem)
I (Intervention)
O (Outcome)
Patients with atrial fibrillation
Warfarin
Guidelines
Reduce the risk of stroke
Alternative Words (Synonyms)
fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmia, arrhythmia
anticoagulant, Coumadin
Practice guidelines, best practices
Reduce = decrease
Risk = risk factors
Stroke: cerebrovascular attack, CVA
MeSH Terms
Atrial fibrillation
warfarin
Guidelines as topic, practice guidelines as topic,
Stroke
Risk OR Risk factors

30. PubMed Search (HINARI)

31. PubMed Search

32. PubMed Search

33. PubMed

34. PubMed Search

35. PubMed Search

36. PubMed Search

37. Document the search and cite
Save your searches by creating an account in each database that you use
Use a citation management tool such as Zotero to export your citations from multiple databases

38. MY NCBI
To register , add filters and use the MY NCBI options , you should directly access PubMed using the following address:
From the PubMed display , you will see the MY NCBI/Sign in box. Click on this MY NCBI box to Register.
Note: if you try registering from HINARI/PubMed, HINARI blocks you from returning after working in MY NCBI.
The ‘My NCBI’ feature allows you to set-up filter tabs in your display area, save searches, and set-up automatic alerts to new articles added to PubMed.
To register, click on the Register link in the ‘ My NCBI’ box on the top-right side of the webpage. A registration form will then open in a new window.
Note: You will need to register only once and, after that, use the [Sign In] option. You will need to carefully follow the instructions in the next four slides.

39. You will be directed to the MY NCBI Sign In page
You will be directed to the MY NCBI Sign In page. To register for MY NCBI, click on the Register for an account link. If you are already registered, you can click on MY NCBI Sign In.

40. You now have to fill in a short Registration page.
Select a Username and a Password plus enter your address. Make sure this is written down for future reference.
You also will need to set up a Security Question in case you forget your password.

41. For the 5 character image, enter this literally including capitals
For the 5 character image, enter this literally including capitals. When the form is complete, click on Create account.
Reminder: Make sure you write down your Username and Password.

42. For the 5 character image, enter this literally including capitals
For the 5 character image, enter this literally including capitals. When the form is complete, click on Create account.
Reminder: Make sure you write down your Username and Password.

43. Open a similar confirmation e-mail from My NCBI
Open a similar confirmation from My NCBI. Click on the blue hypertext link to activate the new account..

44. To access My NCBI, you will need to Sign In with your Username and Password.
Note: This is the process once you have registered and want to return to your My NCBI account.

45. To Sign in directly to NCBI, enter your NCBI Username and Password in the boxes and click on Sign in.

46. After signing in to My NCBI, the PubMed Search page will display your name and also give you a Sign Out option. To go to the MY NCBI page, click MY NCBI logo.

47. This is the MY NCBI page and includes many options that we will discuss – 1st Filters. Filters allow My NCBI users to identify sets of articles within search results.
Open the Filters section by clicking on the Manage Filters. Make sure you keep the Filters for PubMed option.

48. My NCBI gives you the option to save or cancel the specific search
My NCBI gives you the option to save or cancel the specific search. In this case, save the search.
By saving this search, you can receive s that list new citations on this subject.

49. The green check box notes the Save Search successful outcome
The green check box notes the Save Search successful outcome. Next, click on the Yes, please button and Save. The following screen will be displayed.

50. My NCBI has confirmed that this search was saved
My NCBI has confirmed that this search was saved. You now have the option to receive updates or not receive updates (about the new articles published on this search topic).
In this case, the updates options chosen are: ‘Yes, please…Weekly’ on Saturday in the Abstract format (vs. text or MEDLINE) and receive 50 items. Select the options you want and click on the Save button.

51. When you return to the My NCBI page, you can see a list of the saved searches in the Saved Searches box. You can re-run a search by clicking on the title of the search. You also delete the search by clicking on Managed Saved Searches.
The number of searches you can create is significant although you will end up receiving a considerable number of messages.

52. Notes
We have used regular PubMed to register and add the filters to your MY NCBI account.
When want to make changes to your MY NCBI profile or add/save more searches, you must go to regular PubMed and open your MY NCBI account. (

53. Evaluate what you find To evaluate a journal article look for:
Purpose of Article: Why was the article written? To: persuade the reader to do something? inform the reader? prove something?
Type of Journal: For college-level term papers, information should be obtained mostly from scholarly journals.
Organization and Content: Is the material organized and focused? Is the argument or presentation understandable? Is this original research, a review of previous research, or an informative piece?

54. Evaluate what you find Bias (of the publisher) Date of Article
Bibliography
Usefulness: Is the article relevant to the current research project?
Authority/author: Is the author an expert in this field? Where is the author employed? What else has he/she written? Has he/she won awards or honors?

55. Evaluate what you find
Coverage: Does the article cover the topic comprehensively, partially, or is it an overview?
Audience: For what type of reader is the author writing?
Illustrations: Are charts, graphs, maps, photographs, etc. used to illustrate concepts? Are the illustrations relevant? Are they clear and professional-looking?
(Colorado State University Libraries, Accessed 25/10/2016)

56. To Find Anaesthesia Books or Journals Select View complete list…..

57. Select Subject
Select Surgery from drop down list of topics.

58. We will look at some of the Taylor & Francis e-books
We will look at some of the Taylor & Francis e-books. The first way to access these titles is via the Books collection A-Z list. We have opened the Books collection B Accessible Content list and identified two titles.
17 July 2016

59. Now displayed is the initial page of the Behavior, Health and Aging that includes the citation information for the book. We will click on the green Access icon.
17 July 2016

60. Questions/Comments?